PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF MICROWAVE-ASSISTED EXTRACTION CORIANDRUM SATIVUM L. LEAVES AND ITS BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION

Objective: The main objective of the present work is to carry out the phytochemical constituent present and physicochemical analysis of microwaveassisted extract (MAE) of Coriandrum sativum leaves and to investigate its antibacterial activity. Methods: The powdered samples of the leaves were extracted and analyzed for physicochemical properties. Extraction was carried out for C. sativum using different solvents and used for phytochemical investigation. Infrared (IR) spectrum and antibacterial activity of MAE were carried out. Results: The results show that the percentage extract is different in the different solvents and also differs in phytochemical constituents. Phytochemicals present in the MAE also confirmed by IR spectroscopy. MAE is active against bacteria. Conclusion: The phytochemicals present in C. sativum is confirmed by IR spectrum and these phytochemicals responsible for antibacterial activity.


INTRODUCTION
Plants having great potential to produce compounds with different drug activity, through which humans can take benefit for the healthy life. Several infectious diseases can be treated with the traditional remedies [1]. From ancient time, humans are habitual to utilize plants and plant-derived products to cure and relief from physical and mental illness [2]. The potential of higher plants is the source of drugs and these are still unexplored [3]. Near about 120 active compounds have been isolated from the higher plants widely used in modern medicine and 80% shows a positive correlation between their therapeutic use and traditional plants from which they derived [4]. From the past few years, researcher's interest has been increased toward the plant constituents all over the world and evidences are collected to show immense potential of medicinal plants used in various traditional systems [5]. Microwave-assisted extraction has many advantages over conventional extraction such as it requires shorter extraction time, lesser solvent consumption, higher extraction rate, and better product with the lowest cost [6].
Coriandrum sativum L. belongs to the Umbelliferae-Apiaceae family [7] commonly known as coriander in English and Dhaniyaa in Hindi [8]. India is the world's largest coriander producer [9]. The seeds and leaves of this spice are widely used for various food applications; the aromatic coriander leaves are used as flavoring to the dishes such as spread in bread, soup, curry, fish, and meat sauce [10]. C. sativum L. has been reported to have important medicinal value as antioxidant [11,12], antifungal [13], anti-inflammatory [14], anxiolytic and analgesic [15], antitumor [16], and antidiabetic [17]. The present study is for the analysis of C. sativum L. for its physicochemical and phytochemical analysis and its biological evaluation from Aurangabad region.

METHODS
The leaves of C. sativum L. were collected from local market of Aurangabad city. The plant is identified as C. sativum L. and index in herbarium Dr. Bamu. The leaves were washed and kept for drying at room temperature under shade for 1 week. The dried sample was collected and grind using kitchen grinder. The powder sample is used for the extraction and analysis.
The procedure for the physical parameters of the powder such as fluorescence test ash analysis, bulk density, tap density, and other parameters is measured as mentioned in literature [18]. The physical parameters such as relative density, surface tension, viscosity, and refractive index were measured [19]. Qualitative test for alkaloids, carbohydrate, proteins, tannins, saponins, etc., was carried [20]. Spectral analysis and antibacterial activity are also investigated for the microwave-assisted extract (MAE).

Ash value
The total ash content of the powder is formed to be 8.5%. The acidinsoluble ash was found to be 41%, whereas water-soluble as 16%. The ash is mostly consisting of transition elements, i.e., cobalt or magnesium. The tapped density and bulk density of the powdered material is found to be 0.5647 and 0.4078, respectively. Carr's index and Hausner's ratio calculated and are found to be 24.68% and 1.3847, respectively. The results of the present study are given in Table 2.

Extractive values
The leaves of C. sativum were extracted using three different solvents, i.e., aqueous, ether, and alcohol extract. Out of which for aqueous microwave radiations are used for extraction. Ether and alcohol extraction conventional method are used. Of all three extracts, microwave gives more percent of extract. Percentages of all three extract are given in Table 3.

Phytochemical analysis
Phytochemicals are the secondary metabolites, which are responsible for primary medicinal value. These are non-essential nutrients but required for healthy life. Plants produced these chemicals to protect themselves against bacteria. All three extracts of C. sativum were analyzed for phytochemical constituents such as alkaloids, carbohydrates, proteins, and amino acids. The results are shown in Table 4. Carr's index 24.68%

Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum
The infrared (IR) spectrum of the extract of C. sativum was recorded on FTIR instrument IRT3000, JASCO, having serial no. B051061016 (Fig. 5). Though it contains a mixture of compounds but still in order to find out various functional groups and a finger print of samples. There are various IR bands observed. This represents that the various functional groups present in the plant extract. Unassociated hydroxyl groups show sharp absorption between 3700 and 3500 cm −1 . 15 alkaloids contain hydroxyl groups, out of these 13 produce sharp bands in the region of 3625-3540 cm −1 [21]. 3500-3300 cm −1 represents the presence of N-H group of secondary amine. The band between 3155 and 3050 cm −1 is for C-H stretching and the absorption between 3050 and 2880 cm −1 is for methane.