FORMULATION AND EFFECTIVITY TEST OF DEODORANT FROM ACTIVATED CHARCOAL OF PALM SHELL AS EXCESSIVE SWEAT ADSORBENT ON BODY

Objective: The objective of this study was to know the physically stable deodorant preparations during storage and to obtain the preparations. Methods: The evaluation of the physical properties of deodorant include: Organoleptic test, homogeneity, pH measurement, viscosity, flow properties, drying time, moisture content, flow time, density, cycling test, hedonic test, irritation test, and effectivity test of sweat adsorption. Activated charcoal used by the formulation of deodorant powder and roll on each with a concentration of 15%. Results: The physicochemical evaluation was obtained. Descriptively produced data stated that deodorant powder is more physically stable that deodorant roll-on which has separated during storage. Conclusion: For the effectivity of sweat adsorption, deodorant powder is more effective than deodorant roll-on. pH measurement, viscosity, flow properties, Hausner Factor, drying time, moisture content, flow time, flow rate, specific weight (SW), cycling test, hedonic test and irritation test, and effectiveness test absorption of sweat.


INTRODUCTION
Palm oil is a vegetable oil that has many types of minor components such as carotenoids which have the potential as a source of natural provitamin A and can replace the source of synthetic Vitamin A which is relatively expensive [1]. Indonesia and Malaysia are the two largest producer of palm oil in the worlds. Palm oil is one of the world's most rapidly expanding equatorial crops. Palm oil is extracted from oil palm fruits in the mills. The waste products of oil palm mills are empty fruit bunches, fibers, shells, and fronds. The high potential of palm oil in Indonesia, palm oil can be used as a product in the cosmetics industry [2,3]. The cosmetic industries are massive, exclusively consumer-based business with the market value of about $11.7 billion as on 2016. Cosmetics are used to improve the physical appearance and prevent the natural processes that influence the exterior look of the human being, primarily, and used against the aging process. Several cosmetic products claim that they have appropriate positive effects on the skin such as anti-aging and skin tightening [4]. Today, many cosmetic industries produce various kinds of beauty products to care and increase confidence from the dangers of excessive sweating that cause body odor, one of them is deodorant.
Deodorant is one of cosmetic preparations that consist materials or mixtures of materials that can be used to eliminate or reduce body odor as a result from excessive sweating and decomposition of sweat by bacteria. In general, deodorant can be liquid, such as roll-on and shaped powder such as sprinkle powder [5]. Sprinkle powder is able to absorb excessive sweat without leave marks on the clothes because the color of the powder, although the texture is ancient but it still much in demand, especially for those who have excessive sweating problems [6].
Activated charcoal was proven to be able to remove dirt on face and adsorb toxins and excessive sweat on the body. It is caused by oxygen content in carbon. Effectivity of activated charcoal of palm shell (Elaeis guineensis Jacg.) is better than the activated charcoal is used as beauty products [7]. One of them is deodorant either in powder and roll-on from that used to adsorb excessive sweats in the body that interfere daily activity and lower confidence [8].

Research material
The material used in this research is the palm shell from PT Sumbertama Nusa Pertiwi, it is where the crude palm oil processing. The shell is widely available in the factory and still not widely utilized. The material used for deodorant powder and roll-on is activated charcoal, sodium stearate, gliserolum, alcohol, oleum rosae, aquadest, talkum, asam benzoat, and magnesium karbonat dan setil alcohol.
Sampling and processing of samples 10 kg of palms shell separated from the kernel, clean, and wash with running water then dry it in direct sunlight to dry perfectly until it have a constant weight [9].
Process to make active charcoal Dry palms shell are carbonated in the furnace at 500°C for 30 min until it turns into charcoal. The carbonated charcoals are grinded using a grinder, it sieved with a 200 mesh sieve to obtain the same grain size and the final result is a charcoal powder. The charcoal powder is activated using a furnace for 2 h with a temperature of 600°C, so an active charcoal of palms shell is ready to use [10].

Determination of active charcoal absorption quantitatively to iodine
Dry samples of 0.25 g were put into Erlenmeyer, then 25 ml ofI 2 0.1 N solution was added, then shaked for 15 min at room temperature and Lestari et al.
then filtered. The filtrate of 10 ml was titrated with 0.1 N sodium thiosulfate (Na 2 S 2 O 3 ) solution until light yellow and then given a few drops of 1% starch solution and the titration was continued until the color disappeared exact. Iodine absorption can be determined by the following equation [11].

Design formula deodorant roll-on and powder activated charcoal palm shell
Formula deodorant roll-on and powder activated charcoal palm shell are shown in Table 1.

Manufacture of deodorant roll-on
Sodium stearate, glycerol, and alcohol are mixed into a beaker glass. Heated above the water bath at a temperature of <80°C. Overheating will cause alcohol more evaporate. During heating stirred continuously so that the ingredients are dissolved in alcohol and added the activated charcoal little by little until all mixed completely. After the ingredients are dissolved in alcohol and the mass is mixed, down from the fire. Left a few moments then add aqua rosae into it. Insert it into the container.

Manufacture of loose powder deodorant
Dissolve cetyl alcohol in a certain amount of alcohol and add it to all the ingredients (partially talum, magnesium carbonate, and benzoic acid) referred to as period 1. Oleum rosae is mixed into the rest of the talum, if it is evenly introduced into period one and add the activated charcoal gradually. Then, all the time sieved with sieve no 150. Table 2 shows the evaluation of the physical properties of deodorant include: Organoleptic test, homogeneity, pH measurement, viscosity, flow properties, Hausner Factor, drying time, moisture content, flow time, flow rate, specific weight (SW), cycling test, hedonic test and irritation test, and effectiveness test absorption of sweat.

Determination of active charcoal absorption quantitatively to iodine
The parameter that can show the quality of the activated charcoal is the adsorption power to the iodine solution. The larger the number of iodine the greater the ability of solute. Therefore, the absorption capacity of iodine is an important indicator in assessing activated charcoal. The absorption capacity of iodine shows the ability of activated charcoal to absorb substances with molecular sizes smaller than 10 Ȧ or give an indication of the number of pores with a diameter of 10-15Ȧ.
The aim of this test is to know the ability of activated charcoal to absorb the colored solution. The result of the analysis of iodine absorption power resulting from the size of the active charcoal particles of activated charcoal particles of coconut shell is 766.443 mg/g so that the absorption of activated charcoal oil palm shell has absorptive capacity that already meets the Indonesian National Standard [18] of more than 750 mg/g.

Organoleptic test
Organoleptic determination of a product is an appraisal by means of the sense apparatus of the sense of sight, the sense of taste, and the sense of smell. In this determination, the color of each deodorant of the roll-on shape and the powder of the saved syringe from the 1 st week to 4 th week is relatively stable no change in color, aroma, shape, and consistency during storage.

Homogeneity test
The homogeneity of powder deodorant is more homogeneous than rollon deodorant because of its separated if it is kept at room temperature during the 1 st week until the 4 th week during storage, while after heating with water bath at 80°C gives homogenous preparation.

pH test
Underarm skin has a pH different from the pH of skin physiology in general where the physiological pH of the skin is about 4.5-6.5 while the pH of the underarm skin is 4-6.8 [13]. The results of pH examination of roll form deodorant preparation as measured by pH meter equipment still included in the pH of underarm skin is 6.51. Examination of pH during storage at room temperature, temperature 40°C and temperature of 4°C decreased that the pH is not significant but still in the range of skin underarm pH.

Viscosity and flow properties test
Viscosity is a statement of resistance of a liquid to flow, the higher the viscosity the greater the resistance [19]. Viscosity was measured using a Brookfield viscometer with spindle 2 in RPM 100. The result of deodorant roll form viscosity was 0.651 Pa.s (651 cps) with plastic flow properties since the preparation was included in the non-newton liquid. The viscosity of the non-newton liquid with the plastic flow properties of the deodorant preparation has a range between 0.25584 and 3.19452 Pa.s (255.84-3194.52 cps). The higher the viscous the dosage will be, the more dilute. Percent compressibility (% C) of deodorant powder of 23.84% which means the dosage has bad flow properties (% C 23-25%) influenced by the amount of air congestion (porosity) owned by powder of 99.39% and powder the preparation has voluminous properties and the powder has no moisture content with % moist content (MC) of 0%.
The flow property of powder is affected by several factors, namely, SW, porosity, particle shape, and moisture content. Good flow properties make it easy to pour easily from the container so that the uniformity of weights can be well preserved [20].

Flow rate properties test
Flow velocity influenced moist deodorant content of powder with 0% MC has a flow rate of 0.296 g/s. This is because the cohesiveness between the powders is greater than the force of gravity so that the powder is difficult to flow. Dry powder has a small friction with the container wall so it is easy to flow freely, based on the above that drying will improve the powder flow, but dry powder will actually decrease the flow rate because it produces many fines that can inhibit the flow of powder.

Drying time test
The drying time test is carried out by observing the time it takes for the preparation to dry, i.e. the time from which deodorant roll-on begins Determination of SW SW is the weight ratio of material with water at the same volume and temperature using a piknometer. SW measurements were performed to determine the addition of SW to storage each week, where deodorant roll-on had a SW of 1.0209 g/ml specifically for heavier preparations of water having SW >1 g/ml [16], whereas deodorant powder has SW True: 0.3773 g/ml, SW real: 0.476 g/ml, and SW compression: 0.625 g/ml because the powder is voluminous with lighter SW (<1 g/ml).

Sedimentation degrees test
Sedimentation is one-way of separation between components or particles based on their density differences through a flow medium. The roll form of deodorant preparation during stability test of the preparation by cycling test method during storage at room temperature, the heat temperature separated at the price of F=0.5, it is said unstable preparation whereas at cold temperatures it does not experience separation with the price F=1, when F=1 is expressed as a

Hedonic test
This test is done to see consumer preferences in terms of color, smell, and sensation of comfort when worn on the skin, and the potential of deodorant in causing itching and redness of the skin after applied for 5 min. The panelist population used was 10 people consisting of women and men. From the results obtained that panelist likes (100%) for deodorant roll form, because there is a cold sensation but uncomfortable in use because it leaves marks or black spots, while dislikes (100%) for deodorant form of powder sow where the sensation is normal but comfortable on use because it does not leave marks or stains.

Irritation test
Panelist irritation test includes human with sex of woman and man who is physically healthy, has no history of allergy or disease, which is closely related to allergic reaction and has expressed its willingness as panelist. The observed reactions are typical allergies in the test area, i.e., the forearm or wrist folds with reddish skin symptoms, itching, and swollen skin. From 10 panelists for deodorant roll form with 10 negatives (100%) result with reaction observed no reaction while deodorant powder form with 9 negatives (90%) with reaction observed no reaction and one positive person (10%) with a diuretic reaction is difficult to blush. Fig. 1 shows testing effectiveness of the absorption of sweat using skin analyzer tool that shows the value of water content on the skin. The water content of 10 panelists first checked before the activity to produce sweat and then the water content is recorded, after that the panelist must be active to produce sweat before applied deodorant. From the results of 10 panelist that the effectiveness test after the administration of deodorant roll on against the absorption of excess sweat gives a decrease in water content by 3.89% while the effectiveness test after the administration of deodorant powder on absorption Excessive sweating has decreased by 9.36% based on the preparation of deodorant powder is more effective than the deodorant roll on.

CONCLUSION
From descriptively produced data, it shows that loose powder deodorant is more stable during storage than roll-on deodorant which separated during storage, although roll-on deodorant has the best physical properties than the powder. For the effectiveness of the absorption of sweat, deodorant powder is more effective than deodorant roll-on.