EVALUATION OF ANTI-HYPERTROPHIC POTENTIAL OF PIPER BETLE IN ISOPROTERENOL-INDUCED CARDIAC HYPERTROPHIC RAT MODELS

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-hypertrophic potential of the combination extract (chloroform, methanol, and ethyl acetate) of Piper betle in cardiac hypertrophic rat models. Methods: Isoproterenol (ISO) (10 mg/kg b. w., i.p., 7 days) was used to induce cardiac hypertrophy in male albino Wistar rats and simultaneously treated with the combination extract of P. betle (50 mg/kg b. w., oral, 7 days) and the standard drug losartan (50 mg/kg b. w., oral, 7 days) as reference. At the end of seventh day the biochemical estimations of glucose, protein, cholesterol, triglycerides, cardiac marker enzymes (SGOT, SGPT and LDH) and enzymic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase) were performed in the serum along with the targets of the study namely calcium and phosphorus. Heart tissues were subjected to histopathological analysis. All biochemical assays were statistically verified. Results: The status of cardiac hypertrophy was indicated by the increased heart weight (HW)/body weight (BW) ratio. The biochemical assays showed significant (p<0.05) increase in the levels of glucose, protein, and cholesterol and in the cardiac marker enzymes such as SGOT, SGPT, and LDH, whereas significant decrease in the serum calcium and phosphorus along with antioxidants were seen in the ISO-induced rats and these levels were restored to normal values by the treatment with P. betle. Conclusion: The combination extract of P. betle showed effect upon calcium and phosphorus levels besides reversing the other impacts of isoproterenol (β-adrenergic hypersignaling events) probably due to phytoconstituents of the plant which are hypothesized to be efficiently extracted in combination of organic solvents, and thus, these results indicate that the combination extract of P. betle possesses cardioprotective (anti-hypertrophic) effect.


INTRODUCTION
Cardiac hypertrophy is a complex and relatively common cardiovascular disease with the prevalence of case reports from more than 50 countries [1]. "Cardiac hypertrophy is the abnormal enlargement or thickening of the heart muscle resulting from increase in cardiomyocyte size and change in other heart muscle components such as extracellular matrix due to pressure or elevated workload during development, pregnancy, and sustained exercise [2]. Cardiac hypertrophy ultimately leads to arrhythmic sudden death risk, progressive heart failure due to the left ventricular outflow obstruction or due to systolic dysfunction or atrial fibrillation with a risk of stroke. In the past decade, the identification and characteristics of the molecular signaling and metabolic pathways, leading to cardiac hypertrophy, has highlighted a number of potential therapeutic targets [3].

Determination of free radical scavenging potentials of P. betle
Free radical scavenging activity of the combination extract of P. betle was determined by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay [10] and nitric oxide free radical scavenging activity [11] with ascorbic acid as the standard for reference.

Procurement of animals
Male albino Wistar rats (100-150 g) were procured after the ethical clearance for handling of experimental animals from the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (IAEC) as per the guidance of CPCSEA, Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India (CPCSEA/No 422/2019/IAEC) at the PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore. The animals were acclimatized under standard laboratory conditions for 3 days with controlled temperature (29° ± 5°C), humidity (55% ± 5%), and 12 h of light/ dark cycles.

Experimental design
The rats chosen for the study were divided into four groups of three animals in each group. ISO was used to induce cardiac hypertrophy and simultaneously treated with the reference drug losartan and the plant extract as shown in Table 1.
At the end of the experimental period (7 days), the animals were sacrificed using mild chloroform anesthesia. The blood was collected through cardiac puncture and the serum was separated by centrifugation at 5000 rpm for 20 min. The serum was then stored at −20ᵒC for further biochemical analysis.

Biochemical estimations
Serum glucose was estimated by glucose oxidase method (Autospan Liquid Gold Glucose Kit), serum total protein by Lowry's method (Autospan), serum cholesterol by CHOD-PAP enzymatic endpoint assay method (Autospan), serum calcium by Arsenazo III method and serum phosphorous by molybdate ultraviolet method, and the estimation of SGOT and SGPT activities by modified IFCC method (Agappe) and LDH by optimized kinetic assay method (Agappe). The estimation of enzymatic antioxidants such as SOD [16], catalase [17], and GPx [18] was also performed in the serum.

Histopathological analysis
The rat hearts were excised and washed thoroughly with phosphatebuffered saline and immediately subjected to 10% formalin for preservation until the tissues were processed as transverse, 5 µm thick paraffin, left ventricular sections. The dyes such as hematoxylin and eosin were used to stain these sections and they were magnified (×40) for analyzing the cellular architecture of the heart tissues [19].

Statistical analysis
Data obtained from the results were expressed as mean SD. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's "t"-test in IBM SPSS software (version 25.0 free trial, India) and the p<0.05 was considered statistically significant [20].

Phytochemical evaluation
The phytochemical qualitative screening of the combination extract of chloroform, methanol, and ethyl acetate showed the presence of primary metabolites such as carbohydrates and proteins and secondary metabolites such as phenols, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, glycosides, flavonoids, and sterols. The results of the quantitative estimations of carbohydrates, proteins, phenol, flavonoids, and tannins present in the plant extract of P. betle are shown in Fig. 1. The phenolic compounds are one of the largest and most ubiquitous groups of plant metabolites and are attributed to the therapeutic activities of biological systems [21]. Tannins and flavonoids possess various biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antioxidant properties that help in the prevention and treatment of numerous diseases [22]. These findings offer a scientific validation for the lead compound identification and further in vitro and in vivo studies.
DPPH radical scavenging activity DPPH radical is being widely used as the model system to investigate the scavenging activities of several natural compounds. It was observed that this free radical was scavenged by the plant extract in a concentration-dependent manner. The maximum percentage (77%) of DPPH radical scavenging activity was at 500 µg/ml concentration. It was compared with the standard ascorbic acid which showed 88% inhibition at the same concentration (Table 2). These findings were in accordance with a similar study [23] that reported the potent antioxidant activity shown by the betle leaves may be due to the phenolic compounds in the extract such as chavicol, chavibetol, chavibetol acetate, and eugenol.

NOradical scavenging activity
The percentage inhibition (highest to lowest) of combination leaf extract of P. betle varied from 81% to 51% at the concentration of 500-100 µg/ml, respectively, when compared to the standard ascorbic acid (90%-58%) at same concentration ranges (Table 2). These results are in correlation with a similar study [24] that stated this scavenging activity of P. betle may be due to the polyphenols and other biomolecules such as tannins and flavonoids present in the extract.

Effect of ISO and plant extract on hypertrophic index
The commonly used index of cardiac hypertrophy is the HW/BW ratio. In this study, there was no significant change in the BW, but an increase in the HW and HW/BW ratio (increased by 15%) in the rats injected with ISO (Group II) was observed as evident from Table 3. However, rats treated with losartan (Group III) showed 15.85% reduction and also the rats treated with plant extract of P. betle (Group IV) showed 10.95% reduction in the HW/BW ratio when compared to ISO administered rats. This shows the anti-hypertrophic potential of the plant extract and  these results are in correlation with a similar study [25].

Effect of ISO and plant extract on glucose, total protein, and cholesterol in serum
Cardiac hypertrophy is marked by increase in the levels of protein, glucose, and total cholesterol and the treatment of this disease should indicate the reciprocation of these elevated levels of biomolecules to the normal range. In ISO-induced rats, a mild increase in the protein levels and a significant increase in the glucose and total cholesterol levels were observed when compared to the normal rats. After oral administration of the combination extract of P. betle, there was a significant decrease in the levels of glucose, total protein, and total cholesterol when compared with Group II and these levels restored to the normal range as shown in Table 4. These results indicate the potential cardioprotective effect of the plant extract [26].

Effect of ISO and plant extract on calcium and phosphorous levels in the serum
The calcium ion is an essential regulator for diverse physiological processes including contraction of cardiac, skeletal and smooth muscle, and neurotransmitter release. Increase in calcium level is a potential trigger of the translocation of pro-hypertrophic transcription factors to the nucleus which is involved in the development of cardiac muscle [27]. Serum phosphorous concentration is tightly regulated and the concentration is dependent on its intestinal absorption, utilization, and renal excretion. An increase in the serum phosphorus level even within the normal range is associated with the left ventricular hypertrophy and greater risk of developing cardiovascular disease [28]. In this study (Table 5), there was a slight decrease in the level of calcium in ISO-induced cardiac hypertrophic rats (Group II) and an mild increase in the losartan-treated rats (Group III) and these levels were restored to normal range in the plant extract administered rats (Group IV). The low calcium level in ISO-induced rats may be due to secondary hyperparathyroidism caused by Vitamin D deficiency and/ or renal dysfunction [29].
Increased serum phosphorous levels in group II of isoproterenol administered rats were observed when compared to the normal control rats (group I) and the levels were reciprocated to normal range in the rats treated with combination extract of P. betle (group IV).

Effect of ISO and plant extract on cardiac marker enzymes
Cardiac hypertrophy is indicated by the elevated levels of cardiac marker enzymes in the serum and is also an indication of cardiovascular events like myocardial infarction [30]. The ISO-administered rats showed a significant elevation in the levels of cardiac marker enzymes such as SGOT, SGPT, and LDH indicating cardiac hypertrophy, whereas the treatment of experimental animals with the reference drug losartan and combination extract of P. betle was able to restore levels of these cardiac enzymes to the normal range, indicating the anti-hypertrophic potential of the plant extract as shown in Table 6.

Effect of ISO and plant extract on enzymatic antioxidants
Superoxide radicals released by oxidative phosphorylation are

Doss et al.
detoxified with the help of SOD in the first step of converting them to hydrogen peroxide followed by the action of catalase and various peroxidases (preferably GPx). An imbalance in the generation of superoxides and its detoxification can result in the accumulation of H 2 O 2 which leads to the production of highly reactive hydroxyl radicals causing oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation [31]. In ISO-induced cardiac hypertrophic rats (Group II), the antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, SOD, and GPx were significantly decreased considerably when compared with that of the normal group (Group I). Oral administration of the combination leaf extract of P. betle (50 mg/kg) and losartan increased the concentration of antioxidants. The enzymatic antioxidant levels were restored in experimental animals to the range of normal control (Group I) as shown in Table 7.

Histopathological observations
Histopathological analysis of the heart tissues (left ventricle) showed deleterious modifications in the cardiac hypertrophic heart tissues induced by ISO and these impacts were repaired in the rats treated with losartan and the combination extract of P. betle for a period of 7 days as shown in (Fig. 2a-d) [19].
In Fig. 2a, Group I (normal) showed a clear, intact homogenous myofibril arrangements which indicates no sign of inflammation. In Fig. 2b, Group II (ISO) revealed degeneration of myofibrillary arrangements with loss of usual parallel arrays accompanied by the appearance of thick tissue deposition and the presence of inflammatory cell infiltration. In Fig. 2c, Group III (ISO+ losartan) showed rejuvenation of the myofibril arrangement tissue rejuvenation similar to that of normal can be seen. In Fig. 2d, Group IV (ISO + P. betle) showed reduction in the cellular necrosis; infiltrations and tissue depositions were observed.

CONCLUSION
This study implies that the combination extract of P. betle possesses anti-hypertrophic potential through its antioxidant property which was demonstrated by the radical scavenging activity the ability to restore the impaired levels of glucose, protein, and cardiac marker enzymes (SGOT, SGPT, and LDH). To add, this study also suggests that calcium and phosphorus can be considered as a screening risk marker for the occurrence of hypertrophy and during evaluations of anti-hypertrophic. This anti-hypertrophic potential of combination extract of P. betle could be due to the phytochemical compounds such as eugenol and hydroxychavicol that are mostly isolated using the solvents of study and further studies can be taken for the identification, isolation, and characterization of these compounds which may possess cardioprotective effect.

AUTHORS CONTRIBUTION
Dr. Victor Arokia Doss was the supervisor of this work that was carried out by Manju Vidhya Sakthikumar. Dharaniyambigai K planned the project along with Dr. Victor and helped in carrying out experiments and drafted the manuscript prepared by Manju Vidya.