EVALUATION OF ANTIHYPERGLYCEMIC AND ANTIHYPERLIPIDEMIC ACTIVITIES OF AN EDIBLE GASTROPOD (ACHATINA FULICA) IN ALLOXAN-INDUCED DIABETIC MICE
Abstract
Objective: The main purpose of this study was to evaluate antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activities of methanolic extracts of an edible
gastropod (Achatina fulica) in alloxan-induced diabetic mice.
Methods: Alloxan (150 mg/kg, intraperitoneally [IP]) induced diabetic mice were treated with a methanolic extract of A. fulica (0.5 mg/dose/animal/IP)
for a period of 10-day. The effect of the extract on body weight, organ indices, blood glucose levels, total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoproteincholesterol
(HDL-C),
low-density
lipoprotein
(LDL) cholesterol,
very
LDL
(VLDL) cholesterol,
triglycerides
(TGs),
serum
glutamic
oxaloacetic
transaminase
(SGOT),
serum glutamic
pyruvic
transaminase
(SGPT), serum urea,
and creatinine
were
assessed to
divulge
their
activity
in controlling
diabetes-related
metabolic alterations.
Results: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of aqueous A. fulica extract lead to the identification of 7 bioactive compounds, and the
major constituents of the extract were found to exert hypoglycemic activity. Diabetic animals with the treatment of A. fulica extract showed a significant
decrease in fasting blood glucose concentration (222.0±0.9 mg/dl) and a decrease in the levels of TC (105±32.3 mg/dl), LDL (31.6±25.8 mg/dl),
VLDL (22.76±0.27 mg/dl), and TG (113±3.3 mg/dl) and a potent elevation in the level of serum HDL-C (64.3±8.5 mg/dl) in the extract treated
animals when compared with the untreated. Liver marker enzymes such as SGPT and SGOT levels were further reduced in the treated group
(SGPT - 0.86 ±0.004 IU/L, SGOT - 0.04±0.004 IU/L) after the IP administration of the gastropod extract. The levels of serum urea (6.1±0.94 mg/dl)
and creatinine (9.08±2.9 mg/dl) were also significantly decreased after treatment with the extract, respectively, compared to the mean values of the
diabetic group (6.31±1.38 mg/dl, 11.4±2.9 mg/dl).
Conclusion: This confirms the antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activity of A. fulica extract in alloxan-induced diabetic animals. From the
present study, it can be concluded that the gastropod extract seems promising for the management of diabetes mellitus.
Keywords: Diabetes, Antihyperglycemic, Antihyperlipidemic, Alloxan, Achatina fulica.
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References
REFERENCES
American
Diabetes Association: Screening for diabetes. Diabetes Care
;21:20-2.
Trivedi NA, Majumder B, Bhatt JD, Hemavathi KG. Effect of Shilajit
on blood glucose and lipid profile in alloxan–Induced diabetic rats.
Indian J Pharmacol 2004;36:373-6.
Pillai M. Reader’s digest. In: Could you be a Diabetic. New Delhi:
Living Media India Limited Press; 2006. p. 138-40.
Lukens FD. Alloxan diabetes. Physiol Rev 1948;28:304-30.
Lenzen S. The mechanisms of alloxan- and streptozotocin-induced
diabetes. Diabetologia 2008;51(2):216-26.
Katsumata K, Katsumata Y, Ozawa T, Katsumata K Jr. Potentiating
effects of combined usage of three sulfonylurea drugs on the occurrence
of alloxan diabetes in rats. Horm Metab Res 1993;25(2):125-6.
Silverman HK. Travel Healthy, the Pill Book. New York: Pill Book
Company; 1986. p. 166-74.
Li W, Zheng HC, Bukuru J, Kimpe DN. Natural medicines used in the
traditional Chinese medical system for therapy of diabetes mellitus.
J Ethnopharmacol 2004;92(1):1-21.
Seo C, Sohn JH, Oh H, Kim BY, Ahn JS. Isolation of the protein tyrosine
phosphatase 1B inhibitory metabolite from the marine-derived fungus
Cosmospora sp. SF-5060. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009;19:6095-7.
Kagoo EL, Ayyakannu K. Bioactive compounds from Chicoreus
ramosus antibacterial activity-in vivo. Phuket. Mar. Biol Cent Spl Publ
;11:147-50.
Chellaram C, Anand PT, Kumaran S, Kesava D, Priya G. Central
nervous system depressant properties of reef associated gastropods,
Drupa margariticola and Trochus tentorium from Gulf of Mannar,
Southeastern India. J Chem Pharm Res 2011;3:154-9.
Sasaki T, Matsui S. Effect of acetic acid concentration on the color
reaction in the o-toluidine-boric acid method for blood glucose
determination. Rinsbho Kagaku 1972;1:346-53.
Pierre J, Dagenais RG, Bergeron J. Total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol
ratio vs LDL cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio as indices of ischemic
heart disease risk in men. Arch Intern Med 1997;161:2685-92.
Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the
concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without
use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem 1972;18(6):499-502.
McGowan MW, Artiss JD, Strandbergh DR, Zak B. A peroxidase-coupled
method for the colorimetric determination of serum triglycerides. Clin
Chem 1983;29(3):538-42.
Reitman M, Frankel S. A colorimetric method for the determination of
serum glutamic oxaloacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminases. Am J
Clin Pathol 1957;28(1):56-63.
Marsh WH, Fingerhut B, Miller H. Automated and manual direct
methods for the determination of blood urea. Clin Chem 1965;11:624-7.
Brod J, Sirota JH. The renal clearance of endogenous Creatinine†in
man. J Clin Invest 1948;27(5):645-54.
Bancroft JD, Stevens A. Theory and Practice of Histology Techniques.
New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1982. p. 680.
Moloney F, Yeow TP, Mullen A, Nolan JJ, Roche HM. Conjugated
linoleic acid supplementation, insulin sensitivity, and lipoprotein
metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Clin Nutr
;80(4):887-95.
Park Y, Pariza MW. Mechanisms of body fat modulation by conjugated
linoleic acid (CLA). Food Res Int 2007;40(3):311-23.
Suresh Y, Das UN. Protective action of arachidonic acid against
alloxan-induced cytotoxicity and diabetes mellitus. Prostaglandins
Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2001;64:37-52.
Van Pelt CK, Huang MC, Tschanz CL, Brenna JT. An octaene fatty
acid, 4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25-octacosaoctaenoic acid (28:8n-3), found in
marine oils. J Lipid Res 1999;40:1501-5.
Dunn JS, McLetchie NG. Experimental alloxan diabetes. Lancet
;2:384-6.
Sharma VK, Kumar S, Patel HJ, Hugar S. Hypoglycemic activity of
Ficus glomerata in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Int J Pharm Sci Rev
Res 2010;1(2):18-22.
Al-Shamaony L, Al-Khazraji SM, Twaij HA. Hypoglycaemic effect of
Artemisia herba alba. II. Effect of a valuable extract on some blood
parameters in diabetic animals. J Ethnopharmacol 1994;43:167-71.
Delvin TM. Protein Metabolism, Textbook of Biochemistry with
Clinical Correction. New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc.; 1992.
p. 585-7.
Sun L, Halaihel N, Zhang W, Rogers T, Levi M. Role of sterol
regulatory element-binding protein l in regulation of renal lipid
metabolism and glomerulosclerosis in diabetes mellitus. J Biol Chem
;227(21):18919-27.
Krishna Mohan I, Das UN. Prevention of chemically induced diabetes
mellitus in experimental animals by polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Nutrition 2001;17(2):126-51.
Asian J Pharm Clin Res, Vol 9, Issue 3, 2016, 206-211
Vidhya and Renitta
Kameswararao B, Kesavulu MM, Apparao C. Evaluation of
antidiabetic effect of Momordica cymbalaria fruit in alloxan-diabetic
rats. Fitoterapia 2003;74(1-2):7-13.
Sharma SR, Dwivewdi SK, Swarup D. Hypoglycaemic and
hypolipidaemic effects of Cinnamomum tamla leaves. Indian J Exp
Biol 1996;34:372-8.
Das S, Baliarshinha AK. Lipid and lipoprotein cholesterol in diabetic
mellitus Indian Scene. Lipid India 1997;11:7-11.
Sophia D, Manoharan S. Hypolipidemic activities of Ficus racemosa
linn. bark in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Afr J Tradit Comp Altern
Med 2007;4(3):279-88.
Coppack SW, Jensen MD, Miles JM. In vivo regulation of lipolysis in
humans. J Lipid Res 1994;35(2):177-93.
Rajasekaran S, Ravi K, Sivagnanam K, Subramanian S. Beneficial
effects of Aloe vera leaf gel extract on lipid profile status in
rats with streptozotocin diabetes. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol
;33(3):232-7.
Chahil TJ, Ginsberg HN. Diabetic dyslipidemia. Endocrinol Metab Clin
North Am 2006;35(3):491-510.
Almdal TP, Vilstrup H. Strict insulin therapy normalises organ nitrogen
contents and the capacity of urea nitrogen synthesis in experimental
diabetes in rats. Diabetologia 1988;31(2):114-8.REFERENCES
American
Diabetes Association: Screening for diabetes. Diabetes Care
;21:20-2.
Trivedi NA, Majumder B, Bhatt JD, Hemavathi KG. Effect of Shilajit
on blood glucose and lipid profile in alloxan–Induced diabetic rats.
Indian J Pharmacol 2004;36:373-6.
Pillai M. Reader’s digest. In: Could you be a Diabetic. New Delhi:
Living Media India Limited Press; 2006. p. 138-40.
Lukens FD. Alloxan diabetes. Physiol Rev 1948;28:304-30.
Lenzen S. The mechanisms of alloxan- and streptozotocin-induced
diabetes. Diabetologia 2008;51(2):216-26.
Katsumata K, Katsumata Y, Ozawa T, Katsumata K Jr. Potentiating
effects of combined usage of three sulfonylurea drugs on the occurrence
of alloxan diabetes in rats. Horm Metab Res 1993;25(2):125-6.
Silverman HK. Travel Healthy, the Pill Book. New York: Pill Book
Company; 1986. p. 166-74.
Li W, Zheng HC, Bukuru J, Kimpe DN. Natural medicines used in the
traditional Chinese medical system for therapy of diabetes mellitus.
J Ethnopharmacol 2004;92(1):1-21.
Seo C, Sohn JH, Oh H, Kim BY, Ahn JS. Isolation of the protein tyrosine
phosphatase 1B inhibitory metabolite from the marine-derived fungus
Cosmospora sp. SF-5060. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009;19:6095-7.
Kagoo EL, Ayyakannu K. Bioactive compounds from Chicoreus
ramosus antibacterial activity-in vivo. Phuket. Mar. Biol Cent Spl Publ
;11:147-50.
Chellaram C, Anand PT, Kumaran S, Kesava D, Priya G. Central
nervous system depressant properties of reef associated gastropods,
Drupa margariticola and Trochus tentorium from Gulf of Mannar,
Southeastern India. J Chem Pharm Res 2011;3:154-9.
Sasaki T, Matsui S. Effect of acetic acid concentration on the color
reaction in the o-toluidine-boric acid method for blood glucose
determination. Rinsbho Kagaku 1972;1:346-53.
Pierre J, Dagenais RG, Bergeron J. Total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol
ratio vs LDL cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio as indices of ischemic
heart disease risk in men. Arch Intern Med 1997;161:2685-92.
Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the
concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without
use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem 1972;18(6):499-502.
McGowan MW, Artiss JD, Strandbergh DR, Zak B. A peroxidase-coupled
method for the colorimetric determination of serum triglycerides. Clin
Chem 1983;29(3):538-42.
Reitman M, Frankel S. A colorimetric method for the determination of
serum glutamic oxaloacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminases. Am J
Clin Pathol 1957;28(1):56-63.
Marsh WH, Fingerhut B, Miller H. Automated and manual direct
methods for the determination of blood urea. Clin Chem 1965;11:624-7.
Brod J, Sirota JH. The renal clearance of endogenous Creatinine†in
man. J Clin Invest 1948;27(5):645-54.
Bancroft JD, Stevens A. Theory and Practice of Histology Techniques.
New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1982. p. 680.
Moloney F, Yeow TP, Mullen A, Nolan JJ, Roche HM. Conjugated
linoleic acid supplementation, insulin sensitivity, and lipoprotein
metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Clin Nutr
;80(4):887-95.
Park Y, Pariza MW. Mechanisms of body fat modulation by conjugated
linoleic acid (CLA). Food Res Int 2007;40(3):311-23.
Suresh Y, Das UN. Protective action of arachidonic acid against
alloxan-induced cytotoxicity and diabetes mellitus. Prostaglandins
Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2001;64:37-52.
Van Pelt CK, Huang MC, Tschanz CL, Brenna JT. An octaene fatty
acid, 4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25-octacosaoctaenoic acid (28:8n-3), found in
marine oils. J Lipid Res 1999;40:1501-5.
Dunn JS, McLetchie NG. Experimental alloxan diabetes. Lancet
;2:384-6.
Sharma VK, Kumar S, Patel HJ, Hugar S. Hypoglycemic activity of
Ficus glomerata in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Int J Pharm Sci Rev
Res 2010;1(2):18-22.
Al-Shamaony L, Al-Khazraji SM, Twaij HA. Hypoglycaemic effect of
Artemisia herba alba. II. Effect of a valuable extract on some blood
parameters in diabetic animals. J Ethnopharmacol 1994;43:167-71.
Delvin TM. Protein Metabolism, Textbook of Biochemistry with
Clinical Correction. New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc.; 1992.
p. 585-7.
Sun L, Halaihel N, Zhang W, Rogers T, Levi M. Role of sterol
regulatory element-binding protein l in regulation of renal lipid
metabolism and glomerulosclerosis in diabetes mellitus. J Biol Chem
;227(21):18919-27.
Krishna Mohan I, Das UN. Prevention of chemically induced diabetes
mellitus in experimental animals by polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Nutrition 2001;17(2):126-51.
Asian J Pharm Clin Res, Vol 9, Issue 3, 2016, 206-211
Vidhya and Renitta
Kameswararao B, Kesavulu MM, Apparao C. Evaluation of
antidiabetic effect of Momordica cymbalaria fruit in alloxan-diabetic
rats. Fitoterapia 2003;74(1-2):7-13.
Sharma SR, Dwivewdi SK, Swarup D. Hypoglycaemic and
hypolipidaemic effects of Cinnamomum tamla leaves. Indian J Exp
Biol 1996;34:372-8.
Das S, Baliarshinha AK. Lipid and lipoprotein cholesterol in diabetic
mellitus Indian Scene. Lipid India 1997;11:7-11.
Sophia D, Manoharan S. Hypolipidemic activities of Ficus racemosa
linn. bark in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Afr J Tradit Comp Altern
Med 2007;4(3):279-88.
Coppack SW, Jensen MD, Miles JM. In vivo regulation of lipolysis in
humans. J Lipid Res 1994;35(2):177-93.
Rajasekaran S, Ravi K, Sivagnanam K, Subramanian S. Beneficial
effects of Aloe vera leaf gel extract on lipid profile status in
rats with streptozotocin diabetes. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol
;33(3):232-7.
Chahil TJ, Ginsberg HN. Diabetic dyslipidemia. Endocrinol Metab Clin
North Am 2006;35(3):491-510.
Almdal TP, Vilstrup H. Strict insulin therapy normalises organ nitrogen
contents and the capacity of urea nitrogen synthesis in experimental
diabetes in rats. Diabetologia 1988;31(2):114-8.
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