COMPARATIVE PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF PHLOGACANTHUS THYRSIFLORUS NEES: IMPLICATIONS ON ATTENUATION OF PRO-OXIDANTS AND PATHOGEN VIRULENCE IN CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS MODEL SYSTEM
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i5.17319Keywords:
Free radicals, Oxidative stress, Caenorhabditis elegans, Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus, PhytochemicalsAbstract
Objectives: Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus Nees of Acanthaceae family is endogenous to sub-tropical Himalayas. It has been reported to be used
traditionally in Jaintia tribe of Meghalaya, India, for the treatment of many ailments. The aim was to detect the active compounds present in the leaves
and evaluation of its in vitro free radicals scavenging potential. Leaves protective effects in vivo will be investigated using Caenorhabditis elegans model system utilizing wild type and mutant strains and the phenomena of host-pathogen interactions.
Methods: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used for detection of different compounds present. The versatility of leaf extracts to scavenge
different free radicals generated in vitro was assessed with different in vitro methods. Survival analysis of wild type and mutant strains C. elegans
under enhanced pro-oxidants exposure was investigated in vivo. The fast killing assay was also performed to study the extracts modulatory activities
on host C. elegans survival under pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection.
Results: About 40 compounds were detected in methanolic fraction of the extract with variable percentages. Both aqueous and methanol extract
possessed remarkable, versatile free radical scavenging activity irrespective of the types of free radical generated. The in vivo experiments are in
compliance with observable increased survival ability percentage of C. elegans under intense exogenous oxidative stress and pathogen infection.
Conclusion: Our findings enlightened the different bioactive compounds present with versatility of P. thyrsiflorus in tackling different free radicals
generated both in vitro and in vivo that highly support for its candidature as a good antioxidant source. Our findings may justify the historical relevance
of this plant in herbal remedies that could form the basis for inquiry of new active principles.
Downloads
References
Dröge W. Free radicals in the physiological control of cell function, Physiol Rev. 2002; 82:47–95.
Young I, Woodside J. Antioxidants in health and disease. J Clin Pathol. 2001; 54: 176–86.
Harman D. Aging: a theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry. J Gerontol. 1956; 11: 298–300.
Nathan C, Cunningham BA. Beyond oxidative stress: an immunologist's guide to reactive oxygen species. Nat Rev Immunol. 2013, 13: 349–61.
Willcox JK, Ash SL, Catignani GL. Antioxidants and prevention of chronic disease. Crit
Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2004; 44: 275–95.
Knight JA. Review: free radicals, antioxidants and immune system. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2000; 30: 145 – 58.
Butler MS. The role of natural product chemistry in drug discovery. J Nat Prod.2004; 67: 2141 – 53.
Lombardino JG, Lowe III JA. The role of the medicinal chemist in drug discovery-then
and now. Nat Rev Drug Disc. 2004; 3: 853 – 62.
Kathiravan G, Sureban SM, Sree HN, Bhuvaneshwari V, Kramony E. Isolation of anticancer drug TAXOL from Pestalotiopsis breviseta with apoptosis and B-Cell lymphoma protein docking studies. Journal of basic and clinical pharmacy 2013; 4: 14–19.
Singh SA, Singh NR. Antimicrobial activity of Cassia didymobotrya and Phlogacanthus
tyrsiflorus. J Chem Pharmaceu Res. 2010; 2: 304-8.
Tangjang S. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in the Eastern Himalayan zone
of Arunachal Pradesh, Indian J Ethnopharmacol. 2011; 134:18–25.
Patwari B. A glossary of medicinal plants of Assam and Meghalaya. 1st Edition, Guwahati, India. MN Printers. 1992; p.98
Jaiswal V. Culture and ethnobotany of Jaintia tribal community of Meghalaya, Northeast
India: A mini review. Indian J Trad Knowledge. 2010; 9: 38.
Chakravarty S, Kalita JC. Antihyperglycaemic effect of flower of Phlogacanthus
thyrsiflorus Nees on streptozotocin induced diabetic mice, Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 2012; 2: S1357–61.
Tiwari P, Kumar B, Kaur M, Kaur G, Kaur H. Phytochemical screening and extraction: A review. Int Pharmaceut sci. 2011; 1: 98–106.
Singleton VL, Orthofer R, Lamuela-Raventós RM. Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Methods in Enzymol. 1999; 299: 152–78.
Arvouet GA. Standardisation of the extract of plant and identification of the principal constituents. J Pharmocol. 1994; 49: 462–68.
Hoelzl C, Bichler J, Ferk F, et al. Methods for the detection of antioxidants which prevent age related diseases: a critical review with particular emphasis on human intervention studies. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2005; 56 (S2): 49– 64.
Brand-Williams W, Cuvelier ME, Berset C. Use of free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft und-Tech. 1995; 28: 25–30.
Patel A. Determination of polyphenols and free radical scavenging activity of Tephrosia purpurea linn leaves (Leguminosae). Pharmacogn Res. 2010; 2:152–58.
Marcocci L, Maguire JJ, Droy-Lefaix MT, Packer L. The nitric oxide scavenging property of Ginko biloba extract. Biochem Biophys Res Com.1994; 201:748.
Dinis TCP, Madeira VMC, Almeida LM. Action of phenolic derivatives
(acetoaminophen, salicylate, and 5-aminosalicylate) as inhibitors of membrane lipid peroxidation and as peroxyl radical scavengers. Arch Biochem Biophys.1994; 315: 161–69.
Prieto P, Pineda M, Aguilar M. Spectrophotometric quantitation of antioxidant capacity through the formation of a phosphomolybdenum complex: specific application to the determination of Vitamin E. Anal. Biochem. 1999; 269: 337–41.
Lee JC, Kim HR, Kim T, Jang YS. Antioxidant property of an ethanol extract of the stem of Opuntia ficus-indica Var Saboten. J Agric Food Chem. 2002; 50: 64–90.
Larsen PL. Genetics Aging and resistance to oxidative damage in Caenorhabditis elegans PNAS, USA 1993; 90: 8905–9.
Mahajan-Miklos S, Tan MW, Rahme LG, Ausubel FM. Molecular mechanisms of
bacterial virulence elucidated using a Pseudomonas aeruginosa– caenorhabditis elegans pathogenesis model, Cell 1999; 96, 47–56.
Goel MK, Khanna P, Jugal K. Understanding survival analysis: Kaplan-Meier
estimate. Int J Ayurveda Res. 2010; 4: 274–78.
Violi F, Marino R, Milite MT, Loffredo L. Nitric oxide and its role in lipid peroxidation. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 1999; 15: 283–88.
Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC. The definition and measurement of antioxidants in biological systems. Free Radic Biol Med. 1995; 18: 125–26.
Smith TJ. Squalene: potential chemopreventive agent. Expert Opin Invest Drugs. 2000; 9: 1841–48.
Lee KL, Lee SH, Park KY. Anticancer activity of phytol and eicosatrienoic acid
identified from Perilla leaves. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr. 1999; 28: 1107–12.
Vivacons M, Moreno JJ. Beta-sitosterol modulates antioxidant enzyme response in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Free Rad Biol Med. 2005; 39: 91–97.
Yoshida Y, Niki E. Antioxidant effects of phytosterol and its components. J Nut Sci Vitaminol. 2003; 49: 277–80.
Hecht SS. Chemoprevention by isothiocyanates. J Cell Biochem (Suppl). 1995; 22: 195–209.
Hunter T, Bannister WH, Hunter GJ. Cloning, expression, and characterization of two manganese superoxide dismutases from Caenorhabditis elegans. J Biol Chem. 1997; 272: 28652–59.
Fujii M, Ishii N, Joguchi A, Yasuda K, Ayusawa D. A novel superoxide dismutase gene
encoding membrane-bound and extracellular isoforms by alternative splicing in Caenorhabditis elegans. DNA Res. 1998; 5: 25–30.
.37. Honda Y, Honda S. The daf-2 gene network for longevity regulates oxidative stress resistance and Mn-superoxide dismutase gene expression in Caenorhabditis elegans FASEB J.1999; 13: 1385–93.
Ayyadevara S, Dandapat A, Singh SP, Siegel ER, Shmookler RJ, Zimniak L, et al.
Life span and stress resistance of Caenorhabditis elegans are differentially affected by glutathione transferases metabolizing 4-hydroxynon-2-enal. Mech Ageing Dev. 2007; 128: 196–205.
Gems D, McElwee JJ. Broad spectrum detoxification: the major longevity assurance process regulated by insulin/IGF-1 signaling? Mech Ageing Dev. 2005; 126: 381–87.
Shmookler R, Reis RJ, Kang P, Ayyadevara S. Quantitative trait loci define genes and pathways underlying genetic variation in longevity. Exp Gerontol. 2007; 41: 1046–54.
Cezairliyan B, Vinayavekhin N, Grenfell-Lee D, Yuen GJ, Saghatelian A, Ausubel FM,
Identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa phenazines that kill Caenorhabditis elegans. PLOS Pathog. 2013; 9: e100–101.
McFarland AJ, Anoopkumar-Dukie S, Perkins AV, Davey AK, Grant GD. (Inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyladenine protects 1321N1 astrocytoma cells against pyocyanin- and 1-hydroxyphenazine-induced toxicity, Arch. Toxicol. 2012; 86: 275–84.
Aballay A, Drenkard E, Hilbun LR, Ausubel FM. Caenorhabditis elegans innate immune response triggered by Salmonella enterica requires intact LPS and is mediated by a MAPK signaling pathway. Curr Biol. 2003; 13: 47–52.
Kim DH, Feinbaum R, Alloing G, Emerson FE, Garsin DA, Inoue H, et al. A conserved p38 MAPK pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans innate immunity. Science 2002; 297: 623–26.
Rincon M. MAP-kinase signaling pathways in T-cells. Curr Opin Immunol. 2001; 13:339–45.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
The publication is licensed under CC By and is open access. Copyright is with author and allowed to retain publishing rights without restrictions.
