FREE RADICAL SCAVENGING, ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL, AND NITRIC OXIDE INHIBITION IN HUMAN THP1 DERIVED MACROPHAGES BY KOKILAKSHAM KASHAYAM
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2019.v12i18.33932Keywords:
Kokilaksham kashayam, Free-radical scavenging assays, THP1 derived macrophages, Nitric oxideAbstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant potential of Kokilaksham kashayam and its effect on the production of nitric oxide (NO) by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated THP1 derived macrophages.
Methods: Kokilaksham kashayam was subjected to fractionation and assessed for antioxidant activity. The effect of fractions on cell viability was determined using 3-(4,5 – dimethylthiazol -2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and the fractions were evaluated for their effect on the production of NO by LPS stimulated THP1 derived macrophages.
Results: It was found that the fractions of the herbal decoction were able to scavenge a variety of free radicals 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid, NO, and hydroxyl radical. Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay showed the antioxidant capacity and cell culture studies in THP derived macrophages showed that the fractions inhibited the production of NO in LPS-stimulated THP1 derived macrophages.
Conclusion: The overall study showed that the proinflammatory role of free radicals in general and specifically NO in chronic inflammatory condition could be managed by the use of Kokilaksham kashayam. The inhibitory effect of Kokilaksham kashayam on NO production and free-radical scavenging activity, in general, proves that the vital phytoconstituents in the herbal decoction are responsible for the antioxidant activity thereby preventing or slowing the process of chronic inflammatory conditions.
Downloads
References
Ahmed AU. An overview of inflammation: Mechanism and consequences. Front Biol China 2011;6:274-81.
Chang CL, Lin CS, Lai GH. Phytochemical characteristics, free radical scavenging activities, and neuroprotection of five medicinal plant extracts. Evid Based Complement Altern Med 2012;2012:1-8.
Betteridge DJ. What is oxidative stress? Metabolism 2000;49:3-8.
Rajesh KD, Vasantha S, Rajesh NV, Panneerselvam A. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis in four pteridophytes. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res 2014;27:408-12.
Kumar DN, Nair AS, Murali M, Devi PS. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of triphala extracts. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2017;6:248-51.
Chua LS, Latiff NA, Lee SY, Lee CT, Sarmidi MR, Aziz RA. Flavonoids and phenolic acids from Labisia pumila (Kacip Fatimah). Food Chem 2011;127:1186-92.
Kumar S, Kumar D, Manjusha, Saroha K, Singh N, Vashishta B, et al. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging potential of Citrullus colocynthis (L.) schrad. Methanolic fruit extract. Acta Pharm 2008;58:215-20.
Chinchu JU, Kumar BP. In vitro anti-lipase and antioxidant activity of polyherbal ayurvedic medicine varanadi kashayam. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2018;9:5373-81.
Floegel A, Kim DO, Chung SJ, Koo SI, Chun OK. Comparison of ABTS/DPPH assays to measure antioxidant capacity in popular antioxidant-rich US foods. J Food Compost Anal 2011;24:1043-8.
Almeida MM, de Sousa PH, Arriaga ÂM, do Prado GM, de Magalhães CE, Maia GA, et al. Bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of fresh exotic fruits from Northeastern Brazil. Food Res Int 2011;44:2155-9.
Jagetia GC, Baliga MS. The evaluation of nitric oxide scavenging activity of certain Indian medicinal plants in vitro: A preliminary study. J Med Food 2004;7:343-8.
Lu Y, Khoo TJ, Wiart C. Antioxidant activity determination of citronellal and crude extracts of Cymbopogon citratus by 3 different methods. Pharmacol Pharm 2014;5:395-400.
Bose S, Kim H. Evaluation of in vitro anti-inflammatory activities and protective effect of fermented preparations of rhizoma Atractylodis macrocephalae on intestinal barrier function against lipopolysaccharide insult. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2013;2013:363076.
Lidon F, Silva M. An overview on applications and side effects of antioxidant food additives. Emirates J Food Agric 2016;28:823-32.
Priyanga KS, Vijayalakshmi K. Investigation of antioxidant potential of quercetin and hesperidin: An in vitro approach. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2017;10:83-6.
Mahmoud AM, Hernández Bautista RJ, Sandhu MA, Hussein OE. Beneficial effects of citrus flavonoids on cardiovascular and metabolic health. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2019;2019:5484138.
Da Porto C, Calligaris S, Celotti E, Nicoli MC. Antiradical properties of commercial cognacs assessed by the DPPH(.) test. J Agric Food Chem 2000;48:4241-5.
Bamforth CW, Muller RE, Walker MD. Oxygen and oxygen radicals in malting and brewing: A review. J Am Soc Brewing Chem 1993;51:79-88.
Hagerman AE, Riedl KM, Jones GA, Sovik KN, Ritchard NT, Hartzfeld PW, et al. High Molecular Weight Plant Polyphenolics (Tannins) as Biological Antioxidants. J Agric Food Chem 1998;46:1887-92.
Gangwar M, Gautam MK, Sharma AK, Tripathi YB, Goel RK, Nath G, et al. Antioxidant capacity and radical scavenging effect of polyphenol rich Mallotus philippenensis fruit extract on human erythrocytes: An in vitro study. ScientificWorldJournal 2014;2014:279451.
Mapunda P, Mligo C, Cosmas L, Herbert VM. Evaluation of free radical scavenging ability and antiradical activities of Ximenia caffra fruit extracts at different ripening stages. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2019;11:55-60.
Kröncke KD, Fehsel K, Kolb-Bachofen V. Inducible nitric oxide synthase in human diseases. Clin Exp Immunol 1998;113:147-56.
Deepa M, Darsan MB, Ramalingam C. In vitro evaluation of the antioxidant, anti inflammatory and antiproliferative activities of the leaf extracts of Excoecaria agallocha L. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2015;7:346-52.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
The publication is licensed under CC By and is open access. Copyright is with author and allowed to retain publishing rights without restrictions.
