@article{SURINI_NEGORO_2020, title={DEVELOPMENT OF MICROEMULSION AND WATER/OIL/WATER MULTIPLE EMULSION CONTAINING BETA-ARBUTIN, LACTIC ACID, AND SODIUM ASCORBYL PHOSPHATE}, volume={12}, url={https://journals.innovareacademics.in/index.php/ijap/article/view/37586}, DOI={10.22159/ijap.2020.v12s1.FF048}, abstractNote={<p><strong>Objective</strong>: In addition to lactic acid and sodium ascorbyl phosphate, which have whitening effects, beta-arbutin is a safe whitening agent for skin.<br>Combining these three substances should reduce the concentration of each one in a formula and achieve an optimal whitening effect. In this study,<br>microemulsions and water/oil/water (W/O/W) multiple emulsions were applied to produce a formula containing these whitening agents.<br><strong>Methods</strong>: All the active ingredients were formulated into microemulsions and W/O/W multiple emulsions with different concentrations of Tween 80<br>and Span 80 as emulsifiers to obtain a stable formula. Twelve-week physical stability studies were performed for every formula at low (4±2°C), room<br>(28±2°C), and high (40±2°C) temperatures.<br><strong>Results</strong>: The produced microemulsions were transparent with a mean droplet size of 15.50 nm. In addition, the W/O/W multiple emulsions contained<br>droplets within droplets, which were dispersed in a continuous phase with an inner droplet size of 0.15 μm and an outer droplet size of 0.37 μm. The<br>W/O/W multiple emulsions showed pseudoplastic thixotropic flow properties. Furthermore, the microemulsions were stable at low (4±2°C) and<br>room (28±2°C) temperatures, while the W/O/W multiple emulsions were stable at room (28±2°C) and high (40±2°C) temperatures.<br><strong>Conclusion</strong>: It was concluded that the combination of beta-arbutin, lactic acid, and sodium ascorbyl phosphate was suitable for formulating into<br>microemulsions as well as W/O/W multiple emulsions as whitening cosmetic products.</p>}, number={1}, journal={International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics}, author={SURINI, SILVIA and NEGORO, NUR MPN}, year={2020}, month={Mar.}, pages={212–220} }