Int J Curr Pharm Res, Vol 8, Issue 1, 16-18Review Article


ETHNOBOTANICAL, PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHARMCEUTICAL STUDIES OF MEDICINAL PLANT, VENTILAGO MADERASPATANA GAERTN (RED CREEPER): A REVIEW

KARUPPANNAN PERIYASAMY*, SARAVANAN KALIYAPERUMAL

PG and Research Department of Zoology, Nehru Memorial College (Autonomous), Puthanampatti 621007, Musiri Taluk, Tiruchirappalli District, Tamil Nadu, India
Email: vikramprabhu88@gmail.com

Received: 14 Oct 2015, Revised and Accepted: 22 Dec 2015

ABSTRACT

Traditional plant therapies increasing in recent decade has a new wave of the research interest in plant kingdom. Scientific studies on a number of medicinal plants indicate that promising phytochemical compounds can be developed new drugs for many health problems. Ventilago maderaspatana (Red creeper) is medicinal plant traditionally used for the control of various diseases such as dyspepsia, leprosy, puruitis, etc. Chemical studies have shown that, stem bark contains Flavonoids, tannins etc. Some parts of its phytochemicals possess anticancer, antidiabetics and antiulcers activities. Thus, the present review made an attempt to highlight the ethno botanical and traditional uses as well as phytochemical and pharmacological studies on V. maderaspatana and it will help to develop new ailments for the treatment of various diseases.

Keywords: Ventilago maderaspatana, Ethnobotany, Pharmaceutical, Phytochemical, Pharmacology.

© 2016 The Authors. Published by Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

INTRODUCTION

Plants have been used by the human beings since time immemorial. Plants are significant sources of medicines that are used in the treatment of various categories of human diseases. Traditional drugs derived from herbal plants are used by about 60 % of the world’s population. India is a home to a variety of traditional medicine system that relies largely on native plant species for the raw drug material [1] and holds a credibility of diverse social, cultural and medical heritage with an unbroken tradition coming down across millennia [2].

Herbal medicine has been practiced worldwide and it is recognized by WHO as essential building blocks for primary health care [3]. WHO has estimated that up to 80 % of people still rely on traditional remedies [4] which are 21,000 plants around the world, among them 2500 species are in India, out of these 150 species are commercially used [5]. Phytocompounds are synthesized by primary or rather secondary metabolism of living organism. Secondary metabolites are chemically and taxonomically extremely diverse compounds with obscure function. They are widely used in the human therapy, veterinary, agriculture, scientific research and countless other areas [6]. The overall activity of herbal medicines depends on the active constituents present in them [7, 8]. Scientific studies on a number of medicinal plants indicate that promising phytochemical compounds can be developed for many health problems [9]. Many of western drugs used today also originated from natural plant sources. Researchers in the last century identified and isolated salicin a glycosides as active principle [10, 11] and Metformin, an oral precipitation glucose lowering drug for diabetes was initially derived from a flowering plant Galega officinalis [12]. V. maderaspatana (Red creeper) belonging to the family Rhamnaceae. It is considered as an important medicinal plant by the traditional people of Kolli hills, Tamilnadu. Various parts of the plants used for treatment of many diseases. Thus the present review focused on the ethnobotanical, phytochemical and pharmacological studies on V. maderaspatana.

Taxonomical classification

Kingdom: Plantae

Sub kingdom: Tracheobionta

Super division: Spermatophyta

Division: Magnoliophyta

Sub division: Radiatopses

Class: Magnoliopsida

Sub class: Rosidae

Order: Rhamnales

Family: Rhamnaceae

Genus: Ventilago

Species: maderaspatana

Vernacular name

Common name: Red creeper

Sanskrit: Rakfavalli, Dinesavalli

Hindi: Pitti, Kenwti, kalibel

Marathi: Sakalvel, Khandvel, Lokhandi

Tamil: Surulpattaikkodi Vempadam

Kannada: Haruge, Kanvel.

Parts used

Leaf [13], stem [14] and root [15]

Distribution

Ventilago maderaspatana is a medicinal herb belonging to family Rhamnaceae. It is distributed in forests of low elevations in South Greece, India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Sri lanka. [16]. In South India it is distributed in Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats [17-19].

Botanical description

Ventilago maderaspatana is a large, woody, ever green climber with branches hanging down in festoon sand. It is commonly known as red creeper. Bark is dark grey in colour with vertical cracks exposing the vermillion inner bark surface. Young branches are grey. Pubescent and older branches are dark grey and glabrous. Leaves are pale green, alternate, oblong lanceolate or elliptic ovate to orbicular, pubescent beneath when young, base generally rounded, apex acute or sub-acuminate, margins or crenate; lateral nerves 4-8n pairs ascending and covering near the margin. Inflorescence is axillary and terminal panicles minutely grey pubescent, occasionally with leafy bracts. Flowers are terminal are axillary, cymose reacemer or cymose, panicle across, yellowish-green, with an Offensive odour, Unisexual flowers, 5-15 cm,calyx tube pubescent; numerous 3 to 5. Reproduction is through pollination Fruits are subglobose nut 5 to 7 mm in diameter, yellow to grey, enclosed in a persistent calyx rim to about the middle and prolonged in to a linear pubescent wing. Seeds are globose, thin walled brown in colour [20-24].

Ethonobotical studies

V. maderaspatana is traditionally used to treat many disorders like skin problems, fever, and diabetes and also used as digestive carminative [20]. It is believed that it possess the healing effect of dyspepsia, colic disorder, leprosy, scabies, pruritis and other skin disorders and general disability [24]. The powder of stem bark mixed with gingelly oil is applied externally to treat skin diseases and itches [25]. The root bark of V. maderaspatana is used as a carminative, stomachic, stimulant [26, 27] and vitiated connection of kapha, colic flatulence and enysipelas. Bark paste of this plant is used to treatment of bone fracture [28]. Tender branches also used to treat vertigo [29]. Latex of this plant is used to cure edema [30]. Bark is also used to thermogenic, alexeteric, flatulence and tonic [31]. Bark and leaves are used to cure malarial fever [32]. Seeds mixed with milk or/and water has showed antidiabetic activity by taken directly [33].

Phytochemical constituents

Root bark

Root bark of V. maderaspatana shows secondary metabolites such as, various anthraquinones, including ventinone A and B, Chrysophanol, physcion, emodin, islandicin, xanthorin and xanthorin-5-methyl ether [34]. Naphthalene derivatives and naphthoquinones, such as ventilaginone, ventilagol, maderone, cordeauxione and isocordeauxione are also reported in root bark of this plant [35]. Root bark also has benzisochromanquinones, ventilaquinones A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H from acetone extract [36].

Whole plant

The plant V. maderaspatana is constitute with isofurano naphthaquinones, ventilone-C, ventiloquinones E and G, Jelenthrin and enautiopure 1, 3, dimethyl pyranonapphtoqyinones [37].

Pharmacology

Antidiabetic activity

Methanolic extract of V. maderaspatana leaf powder at the doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg possesses significant anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipedemic activity on long term [45 d] treatment in STZ induced diabetic rats. Methanolic extract of Ventilago maderaspatana showed maximum activity at 400 mg/kg. It reduced cholesterol, TG, LDL, VLDL, and improved HDL in diabetic rats [14]. The root extracts of V. maderaspatana had also possessed anti-diabetic activity [15]. Methanolic extract of root bark of Ventilago maderaspatana had 56.25% of inhibitory activity against the enzyme alpha–glucosidase [38].

Antioxidant activity

Ethanolic and hydroethanolic root extracts of V. maderaspatana exhibited a significant antioxidant effect eliciting and increased catalase level and decreased levels of LPO and glutathione. Alcoholic extract at the dose of 500 mg\kg elicited slightly greater antioxidant activity than the hydroalcoholic extract at the dose of 500 mg\kg [15]. Methanolic extract of root bank has potential to inhibit the DPPA activity and has IC50 at the dose of 60.15 kg/ml [38]. Ethnolic extract whole plant of V. maderaspatana possesses the anti oxidant and anti denaturation activity [39]. Root extracted with hexane of V. maderaspatana possessed free radical scavenging activity and also ABTS scavenging activity [40].

Antimicrobial and antibacterial activity

Different extracts of V. maderaspatana such as petroleum ether, benzene, ethyl acetate, methanol and ethanol extract were used to test against Bacillus thuringiensis, Streptococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella paratyphi, Proteus vulgaris and Serratia marcescens by agar disc diffusion method. Methanolic extract showed the maximum activity against Serratia marcescens. Petrolium ether extract showed maximum activity against Proteus vulgaris. Among the different solvents studied petroleum ether extract exhibited maximum activity against the entire tested microorganism [17].

The stem bark of V. maderaspatana is rich in phytochemicals which has free radicals scavenging activity and strong antimicrobial activity against various microorganisms. 100 mg/ml concentration of methanolic extract showed significant rate of inhibition in P. vulgaris, showing 13.98 mm inhibition zone by disk diffusion method. Further, Psendomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus magatherium Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella typhi also showed significant susceptibility to methanolic extract of stem bark [13].

Cardioprotective effect

Methanolic extract of whole plant was found to possess cardioprotective effect against Isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction [41].

Other pharcological activities

Ethanolic extract of V. maeraspatana exhibit neuroproductive effect in cerebral ischemia by potentiating the antioxidant defense system of the brain [42]. Bark of this plant has hepato protective effect against CCl4 included liver damage [43]. Emodin as a phyto compound isolated from V. maderaspatana possesses strong hepato productive abilities by reversal CYP activity and ultrastructure changes [44]. The root bark also has the hepatoproductive properties and as a natured antioxidants [26, 27]. The stem bark of this plant was found to possess anti inflammatory and anticancer activities [45] and also used to cure gout [46].

CONCLUSION

As the pharmacologists and pharmaceutical companies are looking forward to develop new drugs from natural sources without any adverse effects, the development of modern drugs from the medicinal plant, V. maderaspatana (Red Creeper) can be used for curing of various diseases. This plant contains a number of phytochemical compounds from various parts of this plants such as roots, leafs, bark, seeds, which are key factors for the various medicinal properties. They are used to cure a variety of diseases. So, it helps for developing new drug formulation which can ultimately beneficial for human being. Further, a very few pharmacological studies on this plant were carried out and thus this present review will lead to further pharmacological investigation.

CONFLICT OF INTERESTS

Declare None

REFERENCES

  1. Santhi R, Alagesaboopat C, Rajasekara. Antibacterial activity of Andrographis Lineate nees and Andrographis echioides nees of shevarey hills of salem district, Tamil Nadu. Adv Plant Sci 2006;19:317-75.
  2. Ved DK, Goraya GS. Demand and supply of medicinal plants in India Bishen Singh, Mahendra pal singh, Dehra Dun and FRLHT, Bangalore, India; 2008.
  3. Felix R, Nirmal Kumar N, Leon Stephan raj T. Pharmacognostical study of Dioscorea oppositifolia L. Ethnobotanical Leaflet 2009;13:77-82.
  4. Roa N, Thammanna K. Medicinal plants of Ritual Hills, Department of Garden. Tirupati Devasthanams, Tirupati, India; 1987.
  5. Kubish HM, Vang J, Bray TM, Phillips JP. Targeted over expression of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase protects pancreatic beta cells against oxidative stress. Diabetes 1997;46:1563-6.
  6. Vasu K, Goud JV, Suryam A, Singara, Chary MA. Biomolecular and phytochemical analyses of three aquatic angiosperms. Afr J Microbiol Res 2009;3:418-21.
  7. Williamson EM. Synergy and other interactions in phytomedicines. Phytomedicine 2001;8:401-9.
  8. Lu C, Lu Y, Chen J, Zhang W, Wu W. Synchronized and sustained release of multiple components in silymarin from erodible glyceryl monostearate matrix system. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2007;66:210-9.
  9. Gupta SS. Prospects and perspectives of natural plants products in medicine. Indian J Pharmacol 1994;26:1-12.
  10. Oliver BB, Zahnel GR. Plant with oral hypoglycemic action. Q J Crude Drug Res 1979;17:179-96.
  11. Ivorra MD, Paya M, Villar A. A review of natural products and plants as potential antidiabetic drugs. J Ethnopharmacol 1989;27:243-75.
  12. Aguilara FJA, Ramos RR, Gutierrez SP, Contreras AA, Weber CCC, Saenz JLF. Study of the antihyperglycemic effects of plants used as antidiabeties. J Ethropharmacol 1998;61:101-19.
  13. Kawde AB, Batra RJ, Weginwar RG, Akkewar DM, Gond GS, Aparna Y. Preliminary phytochemical screening and Bioevaluatuion studies of stem bark of Ventilago madersapatana Garten. Int J Res Pharm Chem 2014;4:74-82.
  14. Sasikala C, Yajaman S. Antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects of methanolic extract of Ventilago maderaspatana in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2014;7:58-60.
  15. Damayanthi D, Satyavati D. Antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant properties of roots of Ventilago maderaspatana Gaertn. on Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. IOSR J Pharm Biol Sci 2015;10:50-9.
  16. http://3n Wikipedia.Org/wiki/ventilago/uses. [Last accessed on 02 Sep 2015].
  17. Packialincy M, Daffodil ED, Pon Esakki D, Mohan VR. Pharmacochemical characterization and antibacterial activity of Ventilago maderaspatana Gaertn. Int J Adv Pharm Sci 2013;4:578-86.
  18. Ravindra KN, Thoyajaksha, Narayanappa M, Sharanappa P. Study of endophytic fungal community from bark of Ventilago madrasapatna gaertn. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2013;4:309–16.
  19. Hanumantaiah T. Synthesized ventilone-c from the roots of Ventilago maderaspatana Gaertn. Tetrahedron 1985;45:635-42.
  20. Nandkarni AK. Materia medica. Edn. 2. 1, Tarun Enterprises: New Delhi; 2000.
  21. Gamble JS. Flora of residency of madras shiva offset press. Dehradunn 2005;1:217-8.
  22. Khare CP. Indian medicinal plants. Edn. 1. Rajkamal Electric Press: New Delhi; 2007. p. 697-8.
  23. Chetty M. Flowering plants of chittor district. Edn. 1, Students Offsets Printers, Tirupati; 2008. p. 68.
  24. Mahmood M, Vazir M, Moinuddin K, Amaravadi D. Evaluation of hepatoprotective activity of whole plant of Ventilago maderaspatana. Int J Pharm Res Dev 2011;4:44-53.
  25. Chopra BR. Dentistry in Far Eastern countries. J Indian Dent Assoc 1969;41:349-52.
  26. Solangaarachchi SM, Perera BM. Floristic composition and medicinally important plants in the understorey of the tropical dry mixed evergreen forest at the hurulu reserve of Sri lanka. J Natl Sci Counc Sri Lanka 1993;21:209-26.
  27. Bhardwaj A, Bhadauria M, Shukla S. Therapeutic potential of Ventilago madraspatana against carbon tetrachloride induced acute hepatotoxicity. The 21st Conference of the Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver 2011;5:1-14.
  28. Panda SK, Rout SD, Mishra N, Panda T. Phytotherapy and traditional knowledge of tribal communities of Mayurbhanj district, Orissa, India. J Pharmacogn Phytother 2011;3:101-13.
  29. Jagtap SD, Deokule SS, Pawar PK, Harsulkar AM. Traditional ethnobotanical knowledge confined to the pawra tribe of Satpura Hills, Maharashtra, India. Ethobotanical Leaflet 2009;13:98-115.
  30. Shali TS. A study of medicinal climbers of Nallamalais, Andhra Pradesh. Int J Multidisciplinary Res Dev 2014;1:172-6.
  31. Devarinti SR. Ethnomedicinal plants used by the tribals of Achampet forest division in Nallamalais, Telangana, India. Int J Plant Anim Environ Sci 2015;5:65-74.
  32. Johnson MG, Nandagopalan V, Doss A. Ethno-botanical study on the traditional healers in pachamalai hills of Eastern Ghats, Tamilnadu, South India. J Med Plants Studies 2015;3:80-5.
  33. Pavani M, Sankara rao M, Mahendra Nath M, Appa rao C. Ethnobotanical explorations on anti-diabetic plants used by tribal Inhabitants of Seshachalam forest of Andhra Pradesh, India. Indian J Fundamental Appl Life Sci 2012;2:100-5.
  34. Kesava Rao B, Hanumaiah T, Rao CP, Rao GSR, Rao KVJ, Thomson RH. Anthraquinones in Ventilago species. Phytochemistry 1983;22:2583-5.
  35. Hanumaiah T, Rao BK, Rao CP. Naphthalene and naphthoquinones from Ventilago species. Phytochemistry 1985b;24:1811–5.
  36. Hanumaiah T, Marshall DS, Rao BK. Benzisochromanquinones in ventilago species. Phytochemistry 1985a;24:2373-8.
  37. Charles B. Synthesized and confirmed that structures of the Ventiloquinones E, G and J with the compounds isolated from the root bark of Ventilago maderaspatana. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans 1991;1:2743-8.
  38. Aparna Y, Gagandeep K, Zehra Ali, Yagnambhatla R, Sunitha G, Tiwary A, et al. Antidiabetic effect of potential medicinal plants: a target specificity in–vitro study. IOSR J Pharm Biol Sci 2014;9:36-49.
  39. Duganath N, Rubesh Kumar S, Kumanan R, Jayaveera KN. Evaluation of anti-denaturation property and anti-oxidant activity of traditionally used medicinal plants. Int J Pharma Biosci 2010;1:1-7.
  40. Rajesh PS, Pradeepa V, Samaga V, Ravishankar Rai V, Lokanatha Rai M. In vitro biological activity of aromedendrin-4’-methyl ether isolated from root extract of Ventilago maderaspatana Gaertn. With relevance to anticandidal activity. Natl Prod Res; Formerly Nat Prod Lett 2015;29:1042-5.
  41. Maheshkumar, Nelsonkumar S, Rajaram C, Rupesh S, Kanhere Ravindra reddy K. Evaluation of cardioprotective effect of methanolic extract of Ventilago maderaspatana against Isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in experimental rats. Int J Adv Pharm Res 2012;3:1167-76.
  42. Sindhura S, Chinna ME. Evaluation of stroke preventive effect of ethanolic extract of Ventilago maderasptana Gaertn. Against bilateral Carotid artery Occulusion (BCAO) induced stroke in rats. Int Res J Pharm Appl Sci 2014;4:1-6.
  43. Amrutha B, Sathianarayanan S, Asha Nair, Elsa Varghese, Gopal RV, Sreelakshmi KS. Preliminary phytochemical screening and cytotoxic activity of ethanolic extract of Ventilago maderaspatana against human breast cancer. Int J Adv Pharm Biol Sci 2011;5:75-8.
  44. Monika M, Satendra kumar N, Sadhana S, Abhilasha S, Sonia J, Bal Krishan C, et al. Emodin reverses CCl4 induced hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymatic and ultrastructural changes: the in vivo evidence. Hepatol Res 2009;39:290-300.
  45. Ghosh S, Das Sarma M, Patra A, Hazra B. Anti-inflammatory and anticancer compounds isolated from Ventilago maderaspatana Gaertn. Rubia cordifolia Linn. and Lantana camara Linn. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010;62:1158-66.
  46. Sudhakar Reddy C, Reddy KN, Murthy EN, Raju VS. Traditional medicinal plants in Seshachalam hills, Andhra Pradesh, India. J Med Plants Res 2009;3:408-12.