CHRONIC ORAL TOXICITY STUDIES OF CRUDE ETHANOLIC EXTRACT AND ETHANOLIC FRACTION OF PELLIONIA HEYNEANA WEDD. LEAF IN WISTAR RATS
Keywords:
Pellionia heyneana, Chronic oral toxicity, Cholanaikan tribe, HistopathologyAbstract
Objective: Pellionia heyneana Wedd. leaf has been used by the Cholanaikan tribe as a traditional medicine to enhance immunity and also to treat various liver ailments. However, no scientific reports are available regarding its long term toxicity studies. The objective of the present study was to investigate the chronic oral toxicity study of P. heyneana leaf.
Methods: In the present study, scientific evaluation of oral toxicity of P. heyneana crude ethanolic leaf extract (PHLE) and leaf ethanolic fraction (PHEF) were carried out in Wistar rats. Animals were fed with three varying concentrations (500 mg/kg, 1000 mg/kg and 1500 mg/kg) of PHLE and PHEF for 90 d. During the study period, all the animals were closely observed for any morbidity or mortality, food and water intake, body weight etc. The effect of PHLE and PHEF on animal behaviour, metabolism, liver function, kidney function, blood glucose level, in vivo antioxidant status, haematological parameters, histopathology of internal organs etc. were evaluated after 90 d chronic toxicity study.
Results: All the animals administered with PHLE/PHEF up to 1500 mg/kg dose did not show any deleterious changes in normal metabolism, histopathology of internal organs, haematological and biochemical indices.
Conclusion: All these results revealed that PHLE and PHEF of P. heyneana are non toxic in long term oral administration in Wistar rats.Â
Downloads
References
Setzer MC, Werka JS, Irvine AK, Jackes BR, Setzer WN. Biological activity of rainforest plant extracts from far north Queensland, Australia. In: Williams LD. editor. Biologically Active Natural Products for the 21st Century. Research Signpost; 2006. p. 21-46.
Cox PA, Balick M. The ethnobotanical approach to drug discovery. Sci Am 1994;270:82-7.
Ifeoma O, Oluwakanyinsola S. Screening of herbal medicines for potential toxicities. In: Gowder S. editor. New Insights into Toxicity and Drug Testing. In Tech; 2013. p. 63-88.
Mathur PR. Traditional knowledge of the cholanaickan and kurumba: the hunter gathers of Kerala. J Tradit Folk Pract 2013;1:19-30.
Vilash V, Suja SR, Latha PG, Rajasekharan S. Evaluation of hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of Pellionia heyneana Wedd. leaf ethanolic extract on carbon tetrachloride induced liver damage in Wistar rats. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2015;7:374-8.
Anonymous. OECD Guidelines for the testing of chemicals, Test No. 408: Repeated dose 90-day oral toxicity study in rodents, Paris: OECD Publishing; 1998.
Ohkawa H, Ohishi N, Yagi K. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal Biochem 1979;95:351-9.
Aebi H Catalase. In: Bergmeyer HU. editor. Methods of Enzymatic Analysis, New York: Academic Press; 1974. p. 674-84.
Lowry ΟΗ, Rosebrough ÎJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 1951;193:265-75.
Ellman GL. Tissue sulfhyhryl groups. Arch Biochem Biophys 1959;82:70-7.
Anonymous. National Research Council (NRC), Toxicity testing for assessing environmental agents. Interim Report, Washington, D. C: National Academies Press; 2006.
El Hilaly J, Israili ZH, Lyoussi B. Acute and chronic toxicological studies of Ajuga iva in experimental animals. J Ethnopharmacol 2004;91:43-50.
Klaassen CD. Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons. New York: Mc Graw-Hill Press; 2001.
Sturgill MG, Lambert GH. Xenobiotic-induced hepatotoxicity: mechanisms of liver injury and methods of monitoring hepatic function. Clin Chem 1997;43:1512-6.
Ramaiah SK. Preclinical safety assessment: current gaps, challenges and approaches in identifying translatable biomarkers of drug induced liver. Clin Lab Med 2011;31:161-72.
Ozer J, Ratner M, Shaw M, Bailey W, Schomaker S. The current state of serum biomarkers of hepatotoxicity. Toxicology 2008;245:194-205.
Bhattacharya S, Haldar PK. Ameliorative effect of Trichosanthes dioica root against experimentally induced arsenic toxicity in male albino rats. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2012;33:394-402.
Lameire N, Van BW, Vanholder R. Acute renal failure. Lancet 2005;365:417-30.
Sapakal VD, Shikalgar TS, Ghadge RV, Adnaik RS, Naikwade NS, Magdum CS. In vivo screening of antioxidant profile: a review. J Herb Med Toxicol 2008;2:1-8.
Das TN, Dhanasekaran T, Alfassi ZB, Neta P. Reduction potential of the tert-butyl peroxy radical in aqueous solutions. J Phys Chem 1988;102:280-4.
Adeneye AA, Ajagbonna OP, Adeleke TI, Bello SO. Preliminary toxicity and phytochemical studies of the stem bark aqueous extract of Musanga cecropioides in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2006;105:374-9.
Olson H, Betton G, Robinson D, Thomas K, Monro A, Kolaja G, et al. Concordance of the toxicity of pharmaceuticals in humans and in animals. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2000;32:56-67.
Hall JE. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier; 2011.
Michael B, Yano B, Sellers RS, Perry R, Morton D, Roome N, et al. Evaluation of organ weights for rodent and non-rodent toxicity studies: a review of regulatory guidelines and a survey of current practices. Toxicol Pathol 2007;35:742-50.
Schmidt BM, Ilic N, Poulev A, Raskin I. Toxicological evaluation of a chicory root extract. Food Chem Toxicol 2007;45:1131-9.