EVALUATION OF ANTIEPILEPTIC ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF AZIMA TETRACANTHA ROOT IN MICE
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the antiepileptic activity of ethanolic extract of Azima tetracantha root (EEATR) against Maximal electroshock (MES) and Pentylene tetrazole (PTZ) induced seizures in mice.
Methods: 48 adult male mice were used and 4 groups with six in each were allocated to each model. 4 Groups are divided into control, standard and two test groups. Control group received normal saline, standard group, Sodium valproate-200 mg/kg and the two test groups received ethanolic extract of roots of Azima tetracantha (EEATR) 250 and 500 mg/kg respectively. Antiepileptic activity was assessed based on hind limb tonic extension duration, onset of convulsions and mortality. The results were compared with control and standard.
Results: In MES model EEATR reduced the duration of hind limb extension (HLE) and seizure protection was 50% and 66.6% with 250 and 500 mg/kg respectively. In PTZ model both the doses of EEATR delayed the onset of clonic phase and prevented death in 50% of animals in group treated with 500 mg/kg EEATR, similar to sodium valproate. Results were analyzed by ANOVA with p<0.05 considered as significant.
Conclusion: EEATR has shown anticonvulsant activity in both MES and PTZ models. 500 mg/kg of EEATR has better protection than 250 mg/kg against seizure in MES model and equally efficacious as sodium valproate standard in PTZ model.
Keywords:
Antiepileptic activity, Maximal Electroshock (MES), Pentylene tetrazole (PTZ), Azima tetracantha root, Sodium Valproate
References
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27. Fernández SP, Wasowski C, Loscalzo LM, Granger RE, Johnston GA, Paladini AC, et al. Central nervous system depressant action of flavonoid glycosides. Eur J Pharmacol 2006;539:168-76.
28. Chindo BA, Anuka JA, McNeil L, Yaro AH, Adamu SS, Amos S, et al. Anticonvulsant properties of saponins from Ficus platyphylla stem bark. Brain Res Bull 2009;78:276-82.
29. Suresh Kumar, Reecha Madaan, Gundeep Bansal, Anupam Jamwal, Anupam Sharma. Plants and plant products with potential anticonvulsant activity–a review. Pharmacogn Commun 2012;2:3-99.
30. Choudhary N, Bijjem KR, Kalia AN. Antiepileptic potential of flavonoids fraction from the leaves of anisomeles malabarica. J Ethnopharmacol 2011;135:238-42.
31. Karunakar Hegde, Shalin P Thakker, Arun B Joshi, CS Shastry, KS Chandrashekhar. Anticonvulsant activity of carissa carandas Linn. root extract in experimental mice. Trop J Pharm Res 2009;8 :117-25.
32. Rajasree PH, Ranjith Singh, C Sankar. Screening for antiepileptic activity of Moringa oleifa root extract. Int J Pharm Life Sci 2012;3:2115-9.
33. Rajesh A Shastry, Smita D Madagundi, Prasanna V Habbu, Basavaraj S Patil, Shrinivas D Joshi, Venkatrao H Kulkarni. Phytochemical investigation and antiepileptic activity of asparagus racemosus (Wild) root extracts in rodents. RGUHS J Pharm Sci 2015;5:97-103.
34. Menon B, Ramalingam K, Kumar RV. Low plasma antioxidant status in patients with epilepsy and the role of antiepileptic drugs on oxidative stress. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2014;17:398-404.
2. World Health Organization. Epilepsy, Fact sheet No.999 October 2012. Available from: www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs999/en. [Last accessed on 20 Jun 2016].
3. Hesdorffer DC, Logroscino G, Benn EK, Katri N, Cascino G, Hauser WA. Estimating risk for developing epilepsy: a population-based study in Rochester, Minnesota. Neurology 2011;76:23-7.
4. Hauser WA, Annegers JF, Kurland LT. Incidence of epilepsy and unprovoked seizures in Rochester, Minnesota: 1935-1984. Epilepsia 1993;34:453-68.
5. Lindsten H, Nystrom L, Forsgren L. Mortality risk in an adult cohort with a newly diagnosed unprovoked epileptic seizure: a population based study. Epilepsia 2000;41:1469-73.
6. Christensen J, Vestergaard M, Mortensen PB, Sidenius P, Agerbo E. Epilepsy and risk of suicide: a population-based case-control study. Lancet Neurol 2007;6:693-8.
7. Heaney DC, MacDonald BK, Everitt A, Stevenson S, Leonardi GS, Wilkinson P, et al. Socioeconomic variation in incidence of epilepsy: prospective community based study in south east England. Br Med J 2002;325:1013-6.
8. Hesdorffer DC, Tian H, Anand K, Hauser WA, Ludvigsson P, Olafsson E, et al. Socioeconomic status is a risk factor for epilepsy in Icelandic adults but not in children. Epilepsia 2005;46:1297-303.
9. Bialer M, Johannessen SI, Levy RH, Perucca E, Tomson T, White HS. Progress report on new antiepileptic drugs: a summary of the Ninth Eilat Conference (EILAT IX). Epilepsy Res 2009;83:1-43.
10. Temkin NR. Antiepileptogenesis and seizure prevention trials with antiepileptic drugs: meta-analysis of controlled trials. Epilepsia 2001;42:515-24.
11. Bloch KM, Sills GJ, Pirmohamed M, Alfirevic A. Pharmacogenetics of antiepileptic drug-induced hypersensitivity. Pharmacogenomics 2014;15:857-68.
12. Hasan S, Dwivedi V, Misra M, Prashant KS, Hashmi F, Ahmed T. Anti epileptic activity of some medicinal plants. Int J Med Aromat Plants 2012;2:354-60.
13. Malvi Reetesh K, Bigoniya Papiya, Sethi sunny, Jain Sonam. Medicinal plants used in the treatment of epilepsy. Int Res J Pharm 2011;2:32-9.
14. Lucindo J Quintans Júnior, Jackson RGS Almeida, Julianeli T Lima. Plants with anticonvulsant properties-a review. Brazilian J Pharmacogn 2008;18(Suppl):798-819.
15. P Dold. Azima tetracantha Lam. In: GH Schmelzer, A Grurib Fakim. editors. Plant resources of tropical Africa 11, Medicinal plants. Vol. 1. PROTA foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands, Backhuys publishers/CTA; 2008. p. 109.
16. Hepsibha BT, Sathiya S, SaravanaBabu C, Premalakshmi V, Sekar T. In vitro studies on antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of Azima tetracantha. Lam leaf extracts. Indian J Sci Technol 2010;3:571-7.
17. Antonisamy P, Duraipandiyan V, Ignacimuthu S. Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects of friedelin isolated from Azima tetracantha Lam. in mouse and rat models. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011;63:1070-7.
18. Muthusamy P, Jerad Suresh A, Balamurugan G. Antiulcer activity of azima tetracantha. A biochemical study. Res J Pharm Technol 2009;2:344-8.
19. Konda VR, Arunachalam R, Eerike M, Rao R, Radhakrishnan AK, Raghuraman L P, et al. Nephroprotective effect of ethanolic extract of Azima tetracantha root in glycerol induced acute renal failure in Wistar albino rats. J Traditional Complementary Med 2015;1-8. [Article in Press]
20. Bennett R, Mellon F, Rosa E, Perkins L, Kroon P. Profiling glucosinolates, fla-vonoids, alkaloids, and other secondary metabolites in tissues of Azima tetra-cantha L. (Salvadoraceae). J Agric Food Chem 2004;52:5856-62.
21. Gayathri G, Nair Bindu R, Babu V. GC-MS Analysis of Azima tetracantha. J Pharm Res 2012;5:3746-7.
22. Sundaresan Nandhini, Ramalingam Radha. Pharmacognosy of Azima tetracantha lam: a review. Indian J Adv Plant Res 2015;3:13-9.
23. Schmutz M, Portet C, Jeker A, Klebs K, Vassout A, Allgeier H, et al. The competitive NMDA receptor antagonists CGP 37849 and CGP 39551 are potent, orally-active anticonvulsants in rodents. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1990;342:61-6.
24. Swinyard EA, Kupferberg HJ. Antiepileptic drugs: detection, quantification, and evaluation. Fed Proc 1985;44:2629-33.
25. Gupta SK. Antiepileptics. Drug screening methods. In: Gupta SK. Editor. Jaypee Brothers medical Publishers (p) Ltd; 2006. p. 92-3.
26. Bhutada P, Mundhada Y, Bansod K, Dixit P, Umathe S, Mundhada D. Anticonvulsant activity of berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid in mice. Epilepsy Behav 2010;18:207-10.
27. Fernández SP, Wasowski C, Loscalzo LM, Granger RE, Johnston GA, Paladini AC, et al. Central nervous system depressant action of flavonoid glycosides. Eur J Pharmacol 2006;539:168-76.
28. Chindo BA, Anuka JA, McNeil L, Yaro AH, Adamu SS, Amos S, et al. Anticonvulsant properties of saponins from Ficus platyphylla stem bark. Brain Res Bull 2009;78:276-82.
29. Suresh Kumar, Reecha Madaan, Gundeep Bansal, Anupam Jamwal, Anupam Sharma. Plants and plant products with potential anticonvulsant activity–a review. Pharmacogn Commun 2012;2:3-99.
30. Choudhary N, Bijjem KR, Kalia AN. Antiepileptic potential of flavonoids fraction from the leaves of anisomeles malabarica. J Ethnopharmacol 2011;135:238-42.
31. Karunakar Hegde, Shalin P Thakker, Arun B Joshi, CS Shastry, KS Chandrashekhar. Anticonvulsant activity of carissa carandas Linn. root extract in experimental mice. Trop J Pharm Res 2009;8 :117-25.
32. Rajasree PH, Ranjith Singh, C Sankar. Screening for antiepileptic activity of Moringa oleifa root extract. Int J Pharm Life Sci 2012;3:2115-9.
33. Rajesh A Shastry, Smita D Madagundi, Prasanna V Habbu, Basavaraj S Patil, Shrinivas D Joshi, Venkatrao H Kulkarni. Phytochemical investigation and antiepileptic activity of asparagus racemosus (Wild) root extracts in rodents. RGUHS J Pharm Sci 2015;5:97-103.
34. Menon B, Ramalingam K, Kumar RV. Low plasma antioxidant status in patients with epilepsy and the role of antiepileptic drugs on oxidative stress. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2014;17:398-404.
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How to Cite
Eerike, M., V. G. R. Konda, R. Arunachalam, and U. Dawood. “EVALUATION OF ANTIEPILEPTIC ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF AZIMA TETRACANTHA ROOT IN MICE”. International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research, Vol. 8, no. 4, Oct. 2016, pp. 76-79, doi:10.22159/ijcpr.2016v8i4.15385.
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