EVALUATION OF ANTIEPILEPTIC ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF AZIMA TETRACANTHA ROOT IN MICE
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the antiepileptic activity of ethanolic extract of Azima tetracantha root (EEATR) against Maximal electroshock (MES) and Pentylene tetrazole (PTZ) induced seizures in mice.
Methods: 48 adult male mice were used and 4 groups with six in each were allocated to each model. 4 Groups are divided into control, standard and two test groups. Control group received normal saline, standard group, Sodium valproate-200 mg/kg and the two test groups received ethanolic extract of roots of Azima tetracantha (EEATR) 250 and 500 mg/kg respectively. Antiepileptic activity was assessed based on hind limb tonic extension duration, onset of convulsions and mortality. The results were compared with control and standard.
Results: In MES model EEATR reduced the duration of hind limb extension (HLE) and seizure protection was 50% and 66.6% with 250 and 500 mg/kg respectively. In PTZ model both the doses of EEATR delayed the onset of clonic phase and prevented death in 50% of animals in group treated with 500 mg/kg EEATR, similar to sodium valproate. Results were analyzed by ANOVA with p<0.05 considered as significant.
Conclusion: EEATR has shown anticonvulsant activity in both MES and PTZ models. 500 mg/kg of EEATR has better protection than 250 mg/kg against seizure in MES model and equally efficacious as sodium valproate standard in PTZ model.
Keywords:
Antiepileptic activity, Maximal Electroshock (MES), Pentylene tetrazole (PTZ), Azima tetracantha root, Sodium Valproate
References
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24. Swinyard EA, Kupferberg HJ. Antiepileptic drugs: detection, quantification, and evaluation. Fed Proc 1985;44:2629-33.
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27. Fernández SP, Wasowski C, Loscalzo LM, Granger RE, Johnston GA, Paladini AC, et al. Central nervous system depressant action of flavonoid glycosides. Eur J Pharmacol 2006;539:168-76.
28. Chindo BA, Anuka JA, McNeil L, Yaro AH, Adamu SS, Amos S, et al. Anticonvulsant properties of saponins from Ficus platyphylla stem bark. Brain Res Bull 2009;78:276-82.
29. Suresh Kumar, Reecha Madaan, Gundeep Bansal, Anupam Jamwal, Anupam Sharma. Plants and plant products with potential anticonvulsant activity–a review. Pharmacogn Commun 2012;2:3-99.
30. Choudhary N, Bijjem KR, Kalia AN. Antiepileptic potential of flavonoids fraction from the leaves of anisomeles malabarica. J Ethnopharmacol 2011;135:238-42.
31. Karunakar Hegde, Shalin P Thakker, Arun B Joshi, CS Shastry, KS Chandrashekhar. Anticonvulsant activity of carissa carandas Linn. root extract in experimental mice. Trop J Pharm Res 2009;8 :117-25.
32. Rajasree PH, Ranjith Singh, C Sankar. Screening for antiepileptic activity of Moringa oleifa root extract. Int J Pharm Life Sci 2012;3:2115-9.
33. Rajesh A Shastry, Smita D Madagundi, Prasanna V Habbu, Basavaraj S Patil, Shrinivas D Joshi, Venkatrao H Kulkarni. Phytochemical investigation and antiepileptic activity of asparagus racemosus (Wild) root extracts in rodents. RGUHS J Pharm Sci 2015;5:97-103.
34. Menon B, Ramalingam K, Kumar RV. Low plasma antioxidant status in patients with epilepsy and the role of antiepileptic drugs on oxidative stress. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2014;17:398-404.
2. World Health Organization. Epilepsy, Fact sheet No.999 October 2012. Available from: www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs999/en. [Last accessed on 20 Jun 2016].
3. Hesdorffer DC, Logroscino G, Benn EK, Katri N, Cascino G, Hauser WA. Estimating risk for developing epilepsy: a population-based study in Rochester, Minnesota. Neurology 2011;76:23-7.
4. Hauser WA, Annegers JF, Kurland LT. Incidence of epilepsy and unprovoked seizures in Rochester, Minnesota: 1935-1984. Epilepsia 1993;34:453-68.
5. Lindsten H, Nystrom L, Forsgren L. Mortality risk in an adult cohort with a newly diagnosed unprovoked epileptic seizure: a population based study. Epilepsia 2000;41:1469-73.
6. Christensen J, Vestergaard M, Mortensen PB, Sidenius P, Agerbo E. Epilepsy and risk of suicide: a population-based case-control study. Lancet Neurol 2007;6:693-8.
7. Heaney DC, MacDonald BK, Everitt A, Stevenson S, Leonardi GS, Wilkinson P, et al. Socioeconomic variation in incidence of epilepsy: prospective community based study in south east England. Br Med J 2002;325:1013-6.
8. Hesdorffer DC, Tian H, Anand K, Hauser WA, Ludvigsson P, Olafsson E, et al. Socioeconomic status is a risk factor for epilepsy in Icelandic adults but not in children. Epilepsia 2005;46:1297-303.
9. Bialer M, Johannessen SI, Levy RH, Perucca E, Tomson T, White HS. Progress report on new antiepileptic drugs: a summary of the Ninth Eilat Conference (EILAT IX). Epilepsy Res 2009;83:1-43.
10. Temkin NR. Antiepileptogenesis and seizure prevention trials with antiepileptic drugs: meta-analysis of controlled trials. Epilepsia 2001;42:515-24.
11. Bloch KM, Sills GJ, Pirmohamed M, Alfirevic A. Pharmacogenetics of antiepileptic drug-induced hypersensitivity. Pharmacogenomics 2014;15:857-68.
12. Hasan S, Dwivedi V, Misra M, Prashant KS, Hashmi F, Ahmed T. Anti epileptic activity of some medicinal plants. Int J Med Aromat Plants 2012;2:354-60.
13. Malvi Reetesh K, Bigoniya Papiya, Sethi sunny, Jain Sonam. Medicinal plants used in the treatment of epilepsy. Int Res J Pharm 2011;2:32-9.
14. Lucindo J Quintans Júnior, Jackson RGS Almeida, Julianeli T Lima. Plants with anticonvulsant properties-a review. Brazilian J Pharmacogn 2008;18(Suppl):798-819.
15. P Dold. Azima tetracantha Lam. In: GH Schmelzer, A Grurib Fakim. editors. Plant resources of tropical Africa 11, Medicinal plants. Vol. 1. PROTA foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands, Backhuys publishers/CTA; 2008. p. 109.
16. Hepsibha BT, Sathiya S, SaravanaBabu C, Premalakshmi V, Sekar T. In vitro studies on antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of Azima tetracantha. Lam leaf extracts. Indian J Sci Technol 2010;3:571-7.
17. Antonisamy P, Duraipandiyan V, Ignacimuthu S. Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects of friedelin isolated from Azima tetracantha Lam. in mouse and rat models. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011;63:1070-7.
18. Muthusamy P, Jerad Suresh A, Balamurugan G. Antiulcer activity of azima tetracantha. A biochemical study. Res J Pharm Technol 2009;2:344-8.
19. Konda VR, Arunachalam R, Eerike M, Rao R, Radhakrishnan AK, Raghuraman L P, et al. Nephroprotective effect of ethanolic extract of Azima tetracantha root in glycerol induced acute renal failure in Wistar albino rats. J Traditional Complementary Med 2015;1-8. [Article in Press]
20. Bennett R, Mellon F, Rosa E, Perkins L, Kroon P. Profiling glucosinolates, fla-vonoids, alkaloids, and other secondary metabolites in tissues of Azima tetra-cantha L. (Salvadoraceae). J Agric Food Chem 2004;52:5856-62.
21. Gayathri G, Nair Bindu R, Babu V. GC-MS Analysis of Azima tetracantha. J Pharm Res 2012;5:3746-7.
22. Sundaresan Nandhini, Ramalingam Radha. Pharmacognosy of Azima tetracantha lam: a review. Indian J Adv Plant Res 2015;3:13-9.
23. Schmutz M, Portet C, Jeker A, Klebs K, Vassout A, Allgeier H, et al. The competitive NMDA receptor antagonists CGP 37849 and CGP 39551 are potent, orally-active anticonvulsants in rodents. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1990;342:61-6.
24. Swinyard EA, Kupferberg HJ. Antiepileptic drugs: detection, quantification, and evaluation. Fed Proc 1985;44:2629-33.
25. Gupta SK. Antiepileptics. Drug screening methods. In: Gupta SK. Editor. Jaypee Brothers medical Publishers (p) Ltd; 2006. p. 92-3.
26. Bhutada P, Mundhada Y, Bansod K, Dixit P, Umathe S, Mundhada D. Anticonvulsant activity of berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid in mice. Epilepsy Behav 2010;18:207-10.
27. Fernández SP, Wasowski C, Loscalzo LM, Granger RE, Johnston GA, Paladini AC, et al. Central nervous system depressant action of flavonoid glycosides. Eur J Pharmacol 2006;539:168-76.
28. Chindo BA, Anuka JA, McNeil L, Yaro AH, Adamu SS, Amos S, et al. Anticonvulsant properties of saponins from Ficus platyphylla stem bark. Brain Res Bull 2009;78:276-82.
29. Suresh Kumar, Reecha Madaan, Gundeep Bansal, Anupam Jamwal, Anupam Sharma. Plants and plant products with potential anticonvulsant activity–a review. Pharmacogn Commun 2012;2:3-99.
30. Choudhary N, Bijjem KR, Kalia AN. Antiepileptic potential of flavonoids fraction from the leaves of anisomeles malabarica. J Ethnopharmacol 2011;135:238-42.
31. Karunakar Hegde, Shalin P Thakker, Arun B Joshi, CS Shastry, KS Chandrashekhar. Anticonvulsant activity of carissa carandas Linn. root extract in experimental mice. Trop J Pharm Res 2009;8 :117-25.
32. Rajasree PH, Ranjith Singh, C Sankar. Screening for antiepileptic activity of Moringa oleifa root extract. Int J Pharm Life Sci 2012;3:2115-9.
33. Rajesh A Shastry, Smita D Madagundi, Prasanna V Habbu, Basavaraj S Patil, Shrinivas D Joshi, Venkatrao H Kulkarni. Phytochemical investigation and antiepileptic activity of asparagus racemosus (Wild) root extracts in rodents. RGUHS J Pharm Sci 2015;5:97-103.
34. Menon B, Ramalingam K, Kumar RV. Low plasma antioxidant status in patients with epilepsy and the role of antiepileptic drugs on oxidative stress. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2014;17:398-404.
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Eerike, M., V. G. R. Konda, R. Arunachalam, and U. Dawood. “EVALUATION OF ANTIEPILEPTIC ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF AZIMA TETRACANTHA ROOT IN MICE”. International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research, Vol. 8, no. 4, Oct. 2016, pp. 76-79, doi:10.22159/ijcpr.2016v8i4.15385.
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