A REVIEW ON MONKEY POX DISEASE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22159/ijhs.2022.v11i1.46559Keywords:
Monkey pox, Viral infection, Polymerase chain reaction, Orthopoxvirus, VaccinesAbstract
After the disastrous COVID-19 pandemic, now, monkey pox has spreaded its legs all over the world. Disease originated in Africa but its outbreak occurred in 89 countries since January 2022. As per the World Health Organization report, in between January 1, 2022, and August 10, 2022, 27,814 confirmed cases and 11 deaths occurred across 89 countries. Monkey pox is a viral infection which may occur in humans as well as in animals. Rope squirrel (Funisciurus spp.), Gambian pouched rat (Cricetomys gambianus), and Sooty mangabey monkey (Cercocebus atys) are suspected reservoir host for monkey pox. Its symptoms are similar to but milder than small pox. As orthopox viruses are morphologically identical to each other, Polymerase chain reaction is only test for detection of monkey pox-specific DNA signatures. There is no specific treatment for monkey pox infection but as monkey pox and small pox infections are hereditarily comparative so antiviral medications and antibodies created to safeguard against small pox are generally prescribed to prevent and treat monkey pox. One of the important measures for prevention from monkey pox is small pox vaccination to the individual and also to the healthy people in occupation who are at high risk of exposure except in immunocompromised individuals.
References
Reynolds MG, Cono J, Curns A, Holman RC, Likos A, Regnery R, et al. Human monkeypox. Lancet Infect Dis 2004;4:604-5; discussion 605.
Reynolds MG, Carroll DS, Olson VA, Hughes C, Galley J, Likos A, et al. A silent enzootic of an orthopoxvirus in Ghana, West Africa: Evidence for multi-species involvement in the absence of widespread human disease. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2010;82:746-54.
Nolen LD, Osadebe L, Katomba J, Likofata J, Mukadi D, Monroe B, et al. Extended human-to-human transmission during a monkeypox outbreak in the democratic republic of the Congo. Emerg Infect Dis 2016;22:1014-21.
Reynolds MG, Damon IK. Outbreaks of human monkeypox after cessation of smallpox vaccination. Trends Microbiol 2012;20:80-7.
World Health Organization. Human Monkey Pox in Kasai Oriental, Democratic Republic of Cogo (Former Zaire). Preliminary Report of October 1997 Investigation. Weekly Epidemiol Record. Vol. 72. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1997. p. 369-72.
Di Giulio DB, Eckburg PB. Human monkeypox: An emerging zoonosis. Lancet Infect Dis 2004;4:15-25.
World Health Organization. Multi Country Outbreak of Monkeypox. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON396 [Last accessed on 2022 Oct 07].
National Health Portal of India; 2022. Available from: https://www.nhp.gov.in/disease/communicable-disease/monkeypox [Last accessed on 2022 Oct 05].
Sklenovská N. Animal-origin Viral Zoonoses. New York: Springerlink; 2020. p. 39-68.
Cann AJ. Principles of Molecular Virology. Vol. 6. United Kingdom: Elsevier; 2016. p. 46.
Hutson CL, Lee KN, Abel J, Carroll DS, Montgomery JM, Olson VA, et al. Monkeypox zoonotic associations: Insights from laboratory evaluation of animals associated with the multi-state US outbreak. Am J Tropic Med Hyg 2007;76:757-68.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Monkey Pox in Animals.Atlanta, Georgia: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2022. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/veterinarian/monkeypox-in-animals.html [Last accessed on 2022 Oct 08].
Arita I, Henderson DA. Smallpox and monkeypox in non-human primates. Bull World Health Organ 1968;39:277-83.
Velavan TP, Meyer CG. Monkeypox 2022 outbreak: An update. Trop Med Int Health 2022;27:604-5.
Foster SO, Brink EW, Hutchins DL, Pifer JM, Lourie B, Moser CR, et al. Human monkeypox. Bull World Health Organ 1972;46:569-76.
Jezek Z, Arita I, Mutombo M, Dunn C, Nakano JH, Szczeniowski M. Four generations of probable person-to-person transmission of human monkeypox. Am J Epidemiol 1986;123:1004-12.
Vaughan A, Aarons E, Astbury J, Brooks T, Chand M, Flegg P, et al. Human-to-human transmission of monkeypox virus, United Kingdom, October 2018. Emerg Infect Dis 2020;26:782-5.
Erez N, Achdout H, Milrot E, Schwartz Y, Wiener-Well Y, Paran N, et al. Diagnosis of imported monkeypox, Israel, 2018. Emerg Infect Dis 2019;25:980-3.
Hammarlund E, Lewis MW, Carter SV, Amanna I, Hansen SG, Strelow LI, et al. Multiple diagnostic techniques identify previously vaccinated individuals with protective immunity against monkeypox. Nat Med 2005;11:1005-11.
Hutson CL, Carroll DS, Gallardo-Romero N, Weiss S, Clemmons C, Hughes CM, et al. Monkeypox disease transmission in an experimental setting: Prairie dog animal model. PLoS One 2011;6:e28295.
Stagles MJ, Watson AA, Boyd JF, More IA, McSeveney D. The histopathology and electron microscopy of a human monkeypox lesion. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1985;79:192-202.
Petersen E, Kantele A, Koopmans M, Asogun D, Yinka-Ogunleye A, Ihekweazu C, et al. Human monkeypox: Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and prevention. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2019;33:1027-43.
Townsend MB, MacNeil A, Reynolds MG, Hughes CM, Olson VA, Damon IK, et al. Evaluation of the tetracore orthopox BioThreat® antigen detection assay using laboratory grown orthopoxviruses and rash illness clinical specimens. J. Virol Methods 2013;187:37-42.
Adler H, Gould S, Hine P, Snell LB, Wong W, Houlihan CF, et al. Clinical features and management of human monkeypox: A retrospective observational study in the UK. Lancet Infect Dis 2022;22:1153-62.
Henderson DA. The eradication of smallpox--an overview of the past, present, and future. Vaccine 2011;29 Suppl 4:D7-9.
Russo AT, Berhanu A, Bigger CB, Prigge J, Silvera PM, Grosenbach DW,et al. Co-administration of tecovirimat and ACAM2000™ in non-human primates: Effect of tecovirimat treatment on ACAM2000 immunogenicity and efficacy versus lethal monkeypox virus challenge. Vaccine 2020;38:644-54.
Quenelle DC, Buller RM, Parker S, Keith KA, Hruby DE, Jordan R, et al. Efficacy of delayed treatment with ST-246 given orally against systemic orthopoxvirus infections in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007;51:689-95.
Yang G, Pevear DC, Davies MH, Collett MS, Bailey T, Rippen S, et al. An orally bioavailable antipoxvirus compound (ST-246) inhibits extracellular virus formation and protects mice from lethal orthopoxvirus Challenge. J Virol 2005;79:13139-49.
Foster SA, Parker S, Lanier R. The role of brincidofovir in preparation for a potential smallpox outbreak. Viruses 2017;9:320.
Earl PL, Americo JL, Wyatt LS, Espenshade O, Bassler J, Gong K, et al. Rapid protection in a monkeypox model by a single injection of a replication-deficient vaccinia virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008;105:10889-94.
Frey SE, Winokur PL, Salata RA, El-Kamary SS, Turley CB, Walter EB Jr., et al. Safety and immunogenicity of IMVAMUNE® smallpox vaccine using different strategies for a post event scenario. Vaccine 2013;31:3025-33.
Russo AT, Grosenbach DW, Chinsangaram J, Honeychurch KM, Long PG, Lovejoy C, et al. An overview of tecovirimat for smallpox treatment and expanded anti-orthopoxvirus applications. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2021;19:331-44.
Khodakevich L, Ježek Z, Messinger D. Monkeypox virus: Ecology and public health significance. Bull World Health Organ 1988;66:747-52.
Damon IK. Status of human monkeypox: Clinical disease, epidemiology and research. Vaccine 2011;29 Suppl 4:D54-9.
Alakunle E, Moens U, Nchinda G, Okeke MI. Monkeypox virus in Nigeria: Infection biology, epidemiology, and evolution. Viruses 2020;12:1257.
Jezek Z, Gromyko AI, Szczeniowski MV. Human monkeypox. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1983;27:13-28.
Fleischauer AT, Kile JC, Davidson M, Fischer M, Karem KL, Teclaw R, et al. Evaluation of human-to-human transmission of monkeypox from infected patients to health care workers. Clin Infect Dis 2005;40:689-94.
Roess AA, Monroe BP, Kinzoni EA, Gallagher S, Ibata SR, Badinga N, et al. Assessing the effectiveness of a community intervention for monkeypox prevention in the Congo basin. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011;5:e1356.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2022 PRIYANKA KAMARIA, SOURAV GUHA
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
