THE EFFECT OF FRESH GARLIC ON THE LIPID PROFILE AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS DEVELOPMENT IN MALE RATS FED WITH A HIGH GHEE DIET
Keywords:
Ghee, Fresh Garlic, Lipid profile, RatAbstract
Objective: Garlic has a protective effect against hyperlipidemia and ghee in diet is considered as a risk factor for hyperlipidemia. We examined the effects of fresh garlic administration on body weight, lipid profiles and plaque formation in the male rats fed with a high ghee diet.
Methods: Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups of 8. The control group consumed an ordinary diet, Group 2 received the 31% ghee pellets (high ghee diet) and group 3 received the 8% garlic+31% ghee pellets. After 9 mo, serum levels of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and atherosclerotic index (AI) were examined. Changes in body weight, daily food intake and plaque formation also were assayed in this survey.
Results: The high ghee diet induced the significant increase (P<0.05) in serum concentrations of TC, TG and HDL-C, and a decrease in LDL-C concentration (group 2). While fresh garlic increased TG (P<0.05) and HDL-C levels and declined TC and LDL-C in treated rats (group 3). Meanwhile, ghee and garlic showed a favorable effect in reducing AI (P<0.05). No histopathological changes were observed in the Aorta of the rats.
Conclusion: Evidence obtained from this study indicates that ghee and fresh garlic has potential effects in the prevention and control of hyperlipidemia complications and are beneficial when taken as a dietary supplement.
Â
Â
Â
Downloads
References
Lloyd-Jones D, Adams RJ, Brown TM, Carnethon M, Dai S, De Simone G, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2010 update a report from the american heart association. Circulation 2010;121:e46-e215.
Stary HC, Chandler AB, Dinsmore RE, Fuster V, Glagov S, Insull W, et al. A definition of advanced types of atherosclerotic lesions and a histological classification of atherosclerosis a report from the committee on vascular lesions of the council on arteriosclerosis, American heart association. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1995;15:1512-31.
Lichtenstein AH, Appel LJ, Brands M, Carnethon M, Daniels S, Franch HA, et al. Diet and lifestyle recommendations revision 2006 A scientific statement from the american heart association nutrition committee. Circulation 2006;114:82-96.
Micha R, Mozaffarian D. Saturated fat and cardiometabolic risk factors, coronary heart disease, stroke, and diabetes: a fresh look at the evidence. Lipids 2010;45:893-905.
Dwivedi C, Mistry VV, Sharma HM, Crosser AE. Effects of dietary ghee (Clarified Butter) on serum lipids in rats. J Appl Nutr 2002;52:64-8.
KT A. Ghee, vanaspati, and special fats in India. Lipid Technologies and Applications New York: Marcel Dekker Inc; 1997. p. 369-90.
Ali M, Al-Qattan K, Al-Enezi F, Khanafer R, Mustafa T. Effect of allicin from garlic powder on serum lipids and blood pressure in rats fed with a high cholesterol diet. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Essent Fatty Acids 2000;62:253-9.
Banerjee SK, Maulik SK. Effect of garlic on cardiovascular disorders: a review. Nutr J 2002;1:4.
Santo SME, Van Vlijmen BJ, Buytenhek R, Van Duyvenvoorde W, Havekes LM, Arnault I, et al. Well-characterized garlic-derived materials are not hypolipidemic in APOE* 3-Leiden transgenic mice. J Nutr 2004;134:1500-3.
Mahmoodi M, Zijoud SH, Hassanshahi G, Toghroli M, Khaksari M, Hajizadeh M, et al. The effects of consumption of raw garlic on serum lipid level, blood sugar and a number of effective hormones on lipid and sugar metabolism in hyperglycemic and/or hyperlipidemic individuals. Biol Chem 2011;1:29-33.
Slowing K, Ganado P, Sanz M, Ruiz E, Tejerina T. Study of garlic extracts and fractions on cholesterol plasma levels and vascular reactivity in cholesterol-fed rats. J Nutr 2001;131:994S-9S.
Iciek M, KwiecieÅ„ I, WÅ‚odek L. Biological properties of garlic and garlicâ€derived organosulfur compounds. Environ Mol Mutagen 2009;50:247-65.
Spiteller G. The relation of lipid peroxidation processes with atherogenesis: a new theory on atherogenesis. Mol Nutr Food Res 2005;49:999-1013.
Shankar SR, Yadav R, Ray RB, Bijlani R, Baveja T, Jauhar N, et al. Serum lipid response to introducing ghee as a partial replacement for mustard oil in the diet of healthy young Indians. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2005;49:49-56.
Mohammadifard N, Nazem M, Naderi G-A, Saghafian F, Sajjadi F, Maghroon M, et al. Effect of hydrogenated, liquid and ghee oils on serum lipids profile. ARYA Atherosclerosis 2010;6:16.
Korhonen T, Savolainen MJ, Koistinen MJ, Ikäheimo M, Linnaluoto MK, Kervinen K, et al. Association of lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides with the severity of coronary artery disease in men and women. Atherosclerosis 1996;127:213-20.
Kumar MV, Sambaiah K, Lokesh BR. Effect of dietary ghee—the anhydrous milk fat, on blood and liver lipids in rats. J Nutr Biochem 1999;10:96-104.
Sserunjogi ML, Abrahamsen RK, Narvhus J. A review paper: current knowledge of ghee and related products. Int Dairy J 1998;8:677-88.
Kumar MV, Sambaiah K, Lokesh BR. Hypocholesterolemic effect of anhydrous milk fat ghee is mediated by increasing the secretion of biliary lipids. J Nutr Biochem 2000;11:69-75.
Brace LD. Cardiovascular benefits of garlic (Allium sativum L). J Cardiovascular Nursing 2002;16:33-49.
Yeh Y-Y, Liu L. Cholesterol-lowering effect of garlic extracts and organosulfur compounds: human and animal studies. J Nutr 2001;131:989S-93S.
Larner A. How does garlic exert its hypocholesterolaemic action? The tellurium hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 1995;44:295-7.
Pereira MA, O'Reilly E, Augustsson K, Fraser GE, Goldbourt U, Heitmann BL, et al. Dietary fiber and risk of coronary heart disease: a pooled analysis of cohort studies. Arch Intern Med 2004;164:370.
Kannar D, Wattanapenpaiboon N, Savige GS, Wahlqvist ML. Hypocholesterolemic effect of an enteric-coated garlic supplement. J Am Coll Nutr 2001;20:225-31.
Abdel-Rahman MK, Mahmoud EM, Abdel-Moemin AR, Rafaat OG. Re-evaluation of individual and combined garlic and flaxseed diets on hyperlipidemic rats. Pak J Nutr 2009;8:1-8.
Abramovitz D, Gavri S, Harats D, Levkovitz H, Mirelman D, Miron T, et al. Allicin-induced decrease in formation of fatty streaks (atherosclerosis) in mice fed a cholesterol-rich diet. Coron Artery Dis 1999;10:515-20.