ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE: COMPREHENSIVE INSIGHTS INTO RISK FACTORS, BIOMARKERS, AND ADVANCED TREATMENT APPROACHES
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22159/ijcpr.2025v17i1.6039Keywords:
Alzheimer’s disease, Diabetes, Amyloid beta, Tau therapy, Anti-amyloid therapy, Apolipoprotein EAbstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder primarily affecting individuals over 60. It is a multifactorial disease driven by both modifiable factors, such as lifestyle, diet, and prior health conditions, as well as non-modifiable factors, like age, genetics, and family history. The key pathological features of AD include the buildup of amyloid β plaques and neurofibrillary tangles resulting from hyperphosphorylated tau proteins in the brain. Biomarkers like amyloid β and tau protein levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood are essential for diagnosing and tracking AD progression. Current research focuses on developing drugs targeting multiple aspects of AD pathology, including inflammation, oxidative stress, synaptic dysfunction, and protein accumulation. These treatments aim to slow cognitive decline and neuronal damage. Given the complexity of AD, multi-targeted therapeutic approaches are being explored to enhance treatment efficacy. This review provides an overview of AD risk factors, key biomarkers used for diagnosis, and the latest advances in clinical drug development.
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Copyright (c) 2025 SURESH JANADRI, SHREELAXMI DADMI, MANJUNATHA P. MUDAGAL, UDAY RAJ SHARMA, SURENDRA VADA, THIRIVEEDI HARIBABU
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