SCREENING OF PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF THE LEAVES OF CLINACANTHUS SIAMENSIS BREMEK AND CISSAMPELOS PAREIRA L USED AS ANTIDOTE FOR SNAKE BITE IN INDIGENOUS MEDICINE
Keywords:
Traditional medicinal plants, Phytochemical constituents, Secondary metabolites, Antidote, Snake biteAbstract
Objective: The study is aimed to screen the phytochemical constituents of the medicinal plants Clinacanthus siamensis Bremek and Cissampelos pareira L used as anti snake venom in tribal medicine.
Methods: The phytochemical compounds such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, terpenoids, coumarins, anthocyanin, glycosides, reducing sugars, lignins, anthoquinone and alkaloids were extracted by standard methods and compared the components for its antivenom activity.
Results: Qualitative analysis of methanolic and aqueous extracts of leaves confirmed the presence of primary metabolites like proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and reducing sugars and secondary metabolites like phenols, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, steroids, terpenoids, coumarins, lignins, anthocyanin, anthoquinone and alkaloids.
Quantitative estimation of primary and secondary metabolites showed that the presence of proteins, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids and lipids are more in Cissampelos pareira L when compared to Clinacanthus siamensis B. whereas the phenols and carbohydrates were more in Clinacanthus siamensis B.
Conclusion: The study helped in the successful screening of phytochemical constituents which supports the traditional knowledge of the use of the plants as important medicine, as an antidote for poisonous snake bites and in curing various ailments.
Downloads
References
Sreena K, Molly Mathew, Sujith S Nair. Isolation of constituents from Clinacanthus siamensis and its anti-inflammatory studies. Int J Res Phar Che 2012;2(4):1099-1103.
Web information. wwwayurvedic medicinal plantscom.
Wirotesangthong M, Rattanakiat S. Anti-herpes simplex virus type 2 activities of some Thai medicinal plants. J ThaiJ Pharm Sci 2006;30:19-27.
Wirotesangthong M, Nagai T, Yamada H, Amnuoypol S, Mungmee C. Effects of Clinacanthus siamensis leaf extract on influenza virus infection. J Microbiol Immunol 2009;53(2):66-74.
Sreena K, S. Molly Mathew and Sujith. Isolation of constituents from Clinacanthus siamensis and its antiinflammatory studies. Int J Res Phar Che 2012;2(4):1099-103.
Samantha J, Bhattacharya S. Cissampelos pareira a promising antifertility agent. Int J of Resin Ayurveda and Pharmacy 2011;2(2):439-42.
Book Herbal secrets of the Rain Forests by Leslie Taylor 1996.
Mokkhasmit M, Ngarmwathana W, Sawasdimongkol K, Permphiphat U. Pharmacological evaluation of Thai medicinal plants. J of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet 1971;54(7):490-503.
Kumar A, D'Souza SS, Tickoo S, Salimath BP, Singh HB. Antiangiogenic and proapoptotic activities of allyl isothiocyanate inhibit ascites tumor growth in vivo. J Integr Cancer Ther 2009;8(1):75-87.
Book Herbal secrets of the Rain Forests by Leslie Taylor. J Integr Cancer Ther 1996.
Mors WB, Nascimento MC, Pereira B M R, Pareira NA. J Phytochem 2000;55:627.
Soares A, Januario A, Lourenco MMHV. Drugs future. J Integr Cancer Ther 2004;29:1105.
Esmeraldino L, Souza A, Sampaio SVEM. Phytomedicine. J Integr Cancer Ther 2005;12:570.
Linga Rao M, Savithramma N. Phytochemical studies of Svensonia hyderobadensis (Walp.) Mold:a rare medicinal plant. J Der Pharmacia Lettre 2011;3(4):51-5.
SavithrammaN, Venkateswarlu P, Suhrulatha D, Basha SKM, Venkataramanadevi CH. Studies of Boswellia ovaliofoliolata Bal. and Henry-an endemic and endangered medicinal plant. J The Bioscan 2010;5:359-62.
Savithramma N, Rao M, Suhrulatha D, Inter J. Linga and Qualitative and Quantification analysis of phytochemicals from leaf aqueous extract of Allamanda cathartica L. and Terminalia paniculata Roth An 2013;1:821-5.
Sasikala A, Rao M, Savithramma N, J. Ling and Quantification of primary and secondary metabolites from leaves and stem bark of Cochlospermum religiosum (L) Alston. J Int Res Integr Cancer Ther 2013;4:228-31.
Savithramma N, Linga Rao M and Basha SKM. Antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles synthesised from the medicinal plants. J of Scholars Res Library 2011,3(3):364-72.
Siddharth Shrivastava, Rakesh K Sindhu, Sanjeev Kumar and Pradeep Kumar. Anti-psoriatic and Phytochemical evaluation of Thespesia populnea bark extracts. IJPPS 2009:176-85.
Murthy N, K., D., S. Srinivas and Ravindra Babu. The juice of fresh leaves of Catheranthus roseus Linn. J Integr Cancer Ther 2003;3.
Gamble JS. Flora of the presidency of Madras, Printed by S. J N Guha Ray at Sree Saraswaty Press Ltd Calcutta 1957.
Peach D, Tracy MV. Modern methods of plant analysis. 4th edn. Springer Berlin Verlag 1955:373-4.
Gibbs RD, London I. Chemotaxonomy of Flowering Plants, Vol. Mc Gill Queen’s University Press:Montreal;0773500987 1974.
Evans C W. Trease and Evans.Mexican medicinal plants. J Ethanopharmacol Pharmacognosy 13th Edn. London;1989.
Herborne. Phytochemical methods. A guide to modern techniques of plant analysis Chapmen and Hall London;1973.
Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ, J. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Chem 1951;193:265-75.
Krishnaveni S, Theymoli B, Sadasivam S. Phenol Sulphuric acid method. J Food Chem 229 1984;15.
Jayaraman J, New L. Laboratory manual in biochemistry. J Wilsey Eastern Pp 1981:96-7.
Sadasivam S, Manickam A, Wiley D. Biochemical method for Agricultural Science New. J Integr Cancer Ther 1992.
Zhishen T, Mengcheng W. Jianning. Food Chemistry. J Integr Cancer Ther 1999;64:555-9.
Higuchi T, Bodin JI, T., B. E. Alkaloid and other basic nitrogenous compounds;In pharmaceutical analysis (eds.) and (New York, Inter science) p. J Integr Cancer Ther;1961:315-45.
Price ML, Butter LG, J. Rapid visual estimation and sepctrophotometric determination of tannin content of Sorghum grain. J Food Chem 1977;25:1268-73.
Deepa M,Gowda T.V. Arch. J Biochem Biophys 2002;408:42.
Mors WB, Nascimento MC, Pereira BM, Pereira NA. Plant natural products active against snake bite--the molecular approach. J Phytochemistry 2000;55(6):627-42.
Havesteen B, J. Flavonoids a class of natural products for antimicrobial agents. J Eur Microbial Infect Dis 1990;9:455-61.
Harborne JB, Williams CA. Advances in flavonoid research since 1992. J Phytochemistry 2000;55(6):481-504.
Soares AM, Ticli FK, Marcussi S, Lourenço MV, Januário AH, Sampaio SV, et al. Medicinal plants with inhibitory properties against snake venoms. J Curr Med Chem 2005;12(22):2625-41.
I. M, A. M. Folk use of medicinal herbs of Margalla hills National Park, Islamabad. Journal of Ethnopharmocology 02. J Integr Cancer Ther 2000;69(1):45-56.
Lans C, Harper T,Georges K, Bridgewater E. B M C Compliment. J Altern Med 2001;I:10.
Shirwaikar A, Malini S, Kumari SC. Protective effect of Pongamia pinnata flowers against cisplatin and gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Indian J Exp Biol 2003;41(1):58-62.
Daros MR, Matos F, Parente JP JA. J Planta Med 62523;1996.
Badilla B. et al, Effects of an extract of Cissampelos pareira L on the hemorrhagic and proteolytic activities from Bothrops asper venom, Scientific Publishers, India. Vol.30.No., XPO 23481802.