ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROPERTIES OF PAVETTA CRASSICAULIS BREMEK. LEAF AND FLOWER CRUDE EXTRACTS AND ITS PURE COMPOUNDS COLLECTED FROM WESTERN GHATS, KARNATAKA, INDIA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i9.21885Keywords:
Pavetta crassicaulis Bremek, Western Ghats, Karnataka, Anti-inflammatory, 2-tert-butyl-4, 6-bis(3, 5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl) phenol, 4H-pyran-4-one, 2, 3-dihydro-3, 5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-Abstract
Objective: Pavetta crassicaulis Bremek. (F: Rubiaceae) plant extracts were subjected to anti-inflammatory experiment by using carrageenin-induced rat hind paw edema method.
Methods: Groups of 5 rats of both sexes (pregnant females excluded) were given a dose of the extract. After 1 h, 0.1 ml, 1% carrageenan suspension in 0.9% NaCl solution was injected into the subplantar tissue of the right hind paw. Paw volume was measured plethysmometrically at 0 h and 3 h after carrageenin injection.
Results: Anti-inflammatory experiments revealed that, the leaf and flower ethanolic extract of the P. crassicaulis Bremek. plant shown excellent anti-inflammatory and its extracted pure compounds, 2-tert-butyl-4,6-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)phenol and 4H-pyran-4-one,2,3-dihydro3,5- dihydroxy-6-methyl- is a pure compound isolated from the Pavetta crassicaulis flower extract. showed excellent anti-inflammatory activity compared with the standard.
Conclusion: P. crassicaulis Bremek. leaf and flower could be exploited as a valuable source of anti-inflammatory agent for the pharmaceutical industry.
Downloads
References
Mhaskar KS, Blatter E, Caius JF. In: Kirtikar and Basu’s Illustrated Indian Medicinal Plants Their Usage in Ayurveda and Unani Medicine. Vol. 3. Delhi: Shri Satguru Publication; 2000. p. 656-9.
Chopra RN, Nayar SL, Chopra IC. Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants (Publication and Information Directorate. New Delhi: Council of Scientific and Industrial Research; 1956. p. 256-7.
Rabe T, Staden JV. Antibacterial activity of South African plants used for medicinal purposes. J Ethnopharmacol 1997;56:81-7.
Kamboj VP. Herbal medicine. Curr Sci 2000;78:10.
Wikipedia-Western Ghats. Available from: https://www.en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Western_Ghats.
Manikandan R, Lakshminarasimhan P. Flowering plants of Rajiv Gandhi (Nagarahole) national park, Karnataka, India. Check List 2012;8:1052-84.
Jayant K, Mehta P. A study of status, distribution, and dynamics of private and community forests in Sahyadri-Konkan corridor of Maharashtra Western ghats. Technical Report Submitted to CEPF-ATREE. Pune: Wildlife Research and Conservation Society; 2013. p. 161-3.
Bhise MR, Rahangdale SS, Rahangdale SR, Kambhar SV. Floristic study of kalbhairavanatha sacred grove, Terungan, Ambegaon Taluka, Pune. Res Rev J Bot 2013;2:17-24.
Roy PS, Kushwaha SP, Murthy MS, Kushwaha D, Reddy CS, Behera MD, et al. Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level: National Assessment. Dehradun, India: Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS); 2012. p. 140.
Faude U. Human Induced Fragment Formation and Vascular Plants Species Diversity: A Case Study of Satkosia Gorge Wildlife Sanctuary and its Surroundings, Orissa, India, Department of Geography of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University. Bonn, Germany: Foundation for Ecological Security; 2008. p. 52-64.
Trivedi PC. Medicinal plants utilization and conservation. In: Silori CS, Dixit, AM, Gupta L, Mistry N, editors. Observations on Medicinal Plant Richness and Associated Conservation Issues in District Kachchh, Gujarat. 2nd ed. Jaipur, India: Aavishkar Publishers; 2009. p. 165.
Singh P, Ali SJ. Ethno medicinal plants of family Rubiaceae of eastern Uttar Pradesh. Indian J Life Sci 2012;1:83-6.
Mishra MK. Biodiversity, traditional knowledge and village ecosystem sustainability. Ecoscan 2013;3:235-40.
Ayurvedic Plants Database of Chhattisgarh, India. Available from: http://www.pankajoudhia.com/mpd .pdf .
Kar A, Bora D, Borthakur SK, Goswami NK, Saharia, D. Wild edible plant resources used by the Mizos of Mizoram, India. Kathmandu Univ J Sci Eng Technol 2013;9:106-26.
Kantamreddi VS, Lakshmi YN, Kasapu VV. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of some important Indian plant species. Int J Pharm BioSci 2010;1:351-8.
Ashwathanarayana R, Naika R. Preliminary phytochemical and antimicrobial properties of Pavetta crassicaulis Bremek. flower extracts collected from Western Ghats, Karnataka, India. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2016;5:256-62.
De Castro MD, GarcÃa-Ayuso LE. Soxhlet extraction of solid materials: An outdated technique with a promising innovative future. Anal Chim Acta 1998;369:1.
Ajaiyeoba EO. Phytochemical and antimicrobial studies of Gynandropsis gynandra and Buchholzia coriaceae extracts. Afr J Biomed Res 2000;3:161-5.
Harborne JB. Phytochemical Methods: A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis.3rd ed. New York: Chapman and Hall Co.; 1998. p. 1-302.
Harborne JB. Phytochemical Methods: A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis. London: Chapman and Hall Ltd.; 1973. p. 49-188.
Tswett M. Adsorption analysis and chromatographic method. Application to the chemistry of chlorophyll. Ber Deutsch Botanischen Ges 1906;24:384-93.
Winter CA, Risley EA, Nuss GW. Carrageenan-induced oedema in the hind paw of rat as an assay for anti-inflammatory activity. Proc Soc Exp Biol Ther 1962;111:544-7.
Adeyemi OO, Okpo SO, Ogunti OO. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect of the aqueous extract of leaves of Persea americana Mill (Lauraceae). Fitoterapia 2002;73:375-80.
Bamgbose SO, Noamesi BK. Studies on cryptolepine II: Inhibition of carrageenan induced oedema by cryptolepine. Planta Med 1981;41:392-6.
Duffy JC, Dearden JC, Rostron C. Design, synthesis and biological testing of a novel series of anti-inflammatory drugs. J Pharm Pharmacol 2001;53:1505-14.
Hiramoto K, Nasuhara A, Michikoshi K, Kato T, Kikugawa K. DNA strand-breaking activity and mutagenicity of 2,3-dihydro-3,5- dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one (DDMP), a Maillard reaction product of glucose and glycine. Mutat Res Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen 1997;395:47-56.
Kumar PP, Kumaravel S, Lalitha C. Screening of antioxidant activity, total phenolics and GC-MS study of Vitex negundo. Afr J Biochem Res 2010;4:191-5.
Yu X, Zhao M, Liu F, Zeng S, Hu J. Identification of 2,3-dihydro-3,5- dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one as a strong antioxidant in glucose– histidine Maillard reaction products. Food Res Int 2013;51:397-403.
PubChem - A Database of Chemicalmolecules and their Activities against Biological Assays, Maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Compound name and Search Page - 2,4-Dihydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furan-3-one. Available from: https://www.pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/538757.
Rodin JO, Himel CM, Silverstein RM, Leeper RW, Gortner WA. Volatile flavor and aroma components of pineapple. l. Isolation and tentative identification of 2, 5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2h)-furanone. J Food Sci 1965;30:280-5.
Bijekar SR, Gayatri MC, Rajanna L. GC-MS profile of methanolic leaf extract of Baliospermum montanum (Wild.) Muell. Arg. Int J Innov Res Sci Eng Technol 2015;4:1-9.
Pubchem - A Database of Chemicalmolecules and their Activities against Biological Assays, Maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI): Home Page - Compound name and Search Page - 2,3-Dihydrobenzofuran. Available from: https://www. pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/2_3-dihydrobenzofuran.
Gopalakrishnan S, Vadivel E. GC-MS analysis of some bioactive constituents of Mussaenda frondosa Linn. Int J Pharm BioSci 2014;2:312-20.
Pubchem - A Database of Chemicalmolecules and their Activities against Biological Assays, Maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI): Home Page - Compound Name and Search Page - 2-Furancarboxaldehyde,5-(hydroxymethyl). Available from: https://www.pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5- hydroxymethylfurfural.
Xu C, Ou J, Cui Y, Wang L, Lv C, Liu K, et al. Development of a monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Tetrabromobisphenol A. Monoclonal Antibodies Immunodiagn Immunother 2013;32:113-8.
Pubchem - A Database of Chemicalmolecules and their Activities against Biological Assays, Maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI): Home Page - Compound Name and Search Page - Benzaldehyde, 4-hydroxy. Available from: https:// www.pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/4-hydroxybenzaldehyde
Pubchem - A Database of Chemicalmolecules and their Activities against Biological Assays, Maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI): Home Page - Compound Name and Search Page - 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol. Available from: https://www. pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol.
Jeong JB, Hong SC, Jeong HJ, Koo JS. Anti-inflammatory effect of 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol via the suppression of NF-κB and MAPK activation, and acetylation of histone H3. Arch Pharm Res 2011;34:2109.
Silici S, Kutluca S. Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of propolis collected by three different races of honeybees in the same region. J Ethnopharmacol 2005;99:69-73.
Pubchem - A Database of Chemicalmolecules and their Activities against Biological Assays, Maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI): Home Page - Compound Name and Search Page - Phenol, 2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl). Available from: https://www.pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/eugenol.
Kabuto H, Tada MM, Kohno M. Eugenol [2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl) phenol] prevents 6-hydroxydopamine- induced dopamine depression and lipid peroxidation inductivity in mouse striatum. Biol Pharm Bull 2007;30:423-7.
Chen Y, Zhou C, Ge Z, Liu Y, Liu Y, Feng W, et al. Composition and potential anticancer activities of essential oils obtained from myrrh and frankincense. Oncol Lett 2013;6:1140-6.
Hussain N, Abbasi T, Abbasi SA. Transformation of the pernicious and toxic weed parthenium into an organic fertilizer by vermicomposting. Int J Environ Stud 2016;73:731-45.
Leal WS, Nakano Y, Kuwahara Y, Nakao H, Suzuki T. Pheromone study of acarid mites XVII: Identification of 2-hydroxy-6-methyl benzaldehyde as the alarm pheromone of the acarid mite Tyrophagus perniciosus (Acarina: Acaridae), and its distribution among related mites. Appl Entomol Zool 1988;23:422-7.
Kuwahara Y, Sato M, Koshii T, Suzuki T. Chemical ecology of astigmatid mites XXXII.2-hydroxy-6-methyl-benzaldehyde, the sex pheromone of the brown-legged grain mite Aleuroglyphus ovatus (TROUPEAU) (Acarina: Acaridae). Appl Entomol Zool 1992;27:253-60.
Pubchem - A Database of Chemicalmolecules and their Activities against Biological Assays, Maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI): Home Page - Compound Name and Search Page - 2-Hexadecen-1-ol, 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-, [R-[R*,R*-(E)]]. Available from: https://www.pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/compound/5366244.
Olofsson P, Holmberg J, Tordsson J, Lu S, Åkerström B, Holmdahl R. Positional identification of Ncf1 as a gene that regulates arthritis severity in rats. Nat Genet 2003;33:25-32.
Pubchem - A Database of Chemicalmolecules and their Activities against Biological Assays, Maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI): Home Page - Compound Name and Search Page - Hexadecanoic Acid, Methyl Ester. Available from: https://www.pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/methyl_palmitate.
Pubchem - A Database of Chemicalmolecules and their Activities against Biological Assays, Maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI): Home Page - Compound Name and Search Page - Hexadecanoic Acid. Available from: https://www. pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/palmitic_acid.
Yff BT, Lindseya KL, Taylor MB, Erasmus DG, Jäger AK. The pharmacological screening of Pentanisia prunelloides and the isolation of the antibacterial compound palmitic acid. J Ethnopharmacol 2002;79:101-7.
Gnanavel V, Sara AM. GC-MS analysis of petroleum ether and ethanol leaf extracts from Abrus precatorius LINN. Int J Pharm BioSci 2013;4:37-44.
Jananie RK, Priya V, Vijayalakshmi K. Determination of bioactive components of Cynodon dactylon by GC-MS analysis. N Y Sci J 2011;4:16-20.
Sudha T, Chidambarampillai S, Mohan VR. GC-MS analysis of bioactive components of aerial parts of Fluggea leucopyrus Willd. (Euphorbiaceae). J Appl Pharm Sci 2013;3:126-30.
Mujeeb F, Bajpai P, Pathak N. Phytochemical evaluation, antimicrobial activity and determination of bioactive components from leaves of Aegle marmelos. BioMed Res Int 2014;1:1-11.
Chemical Land 21 - Website Gives Chemical Properties of few Natural and Synthetic Compound - Compound Name and Search Page - N,N’- Dimethylpiperazine. Available from: http://www.chemicalland21.com/ specialtychem/perchem/n,n’-DIMETHYLPIPERAZINE.htm.
Pubchem - A Database of Chemicalmolecules and their Activities against Biological Assays, Maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI): Home Page - Compound Name and Search Page - Acetic Acid, 1-(2-methyltetrazol-5-yl) Ethenyl Ester. Available from: https://www.pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/ ethyl_acetate.
Pubchem - A Database of Chemicalmolecules and their Activities against Biological Assays, Maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI): Home Page - Compound Name and Search Page - Butanedioic Acid, Monomethyl Ester. Available from: https://www.pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/22292473.
Pubchem - A Database of Chemicalmolecules and their Activities against Biological Assays, Maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI): Home Page. Compound Name and Search Page - Benzoic Acid, Ammonium Salt. Available from: https:// www.pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/10920587.
Pubchem - A Database of Chemicalmolecules and their Activities against Biological Assays, Maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI): Home Page: Compound Name and Search Page - 1,2-Benzenediol. Available from: https://www.pubchem. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/catechol.
Xu N, Fan X, Yan X, Li X, Niu R, Tseng CK. Antibacterial bromophenols from the marine red alga Rhodomela confervoides. Phytochemistry 2003;62:1221-4.
Pubchem - A Database of Chemicalmolecules and their Activities against Biological Assays, Maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI): Home Page - Compound Name and Search Page - Benzofuran,2,3-dihydro. Available from: https:// www.pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/2_3-dihydrobenzofuran.
Muratore G, Licciardello F, Restuccia C, Puglisi ML, Giudici P. Role of different factors affecting the formation of 5-hydroxymethyl- 2-furancarboxaldehyde in heated grape must. J Agric Food Chem 2006;54:860-3.
Pubchem - A Database of Chemicalmolecules and their Activities against Biological Assays, Maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI): Home Page - Compound Name and Search Page - 1,2,3-Propanetriol, Diacetate. Available from: https:// www.pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/3-Hydroxypropane-1_2- diyl_diacetate.
Pubchem - A Database of Chemicalmolecules and their Activities against Biological Assays, Maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI): Home Page - Compound Name and Search Page - Benzaldehyde, 2-Methyl. Available from: https:// www.pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/2-Methylbenzaldehyde.
Pubchem - A Database of Chemicalmolecules and their Activities against Biological Assays, Maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI): Home Page - Compound Name and Search Page - 2,6-Dimethyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde. Available from: https://www.pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/2_6- Dimethyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde.
Guerin MR, Olerich G. Gas chromatographic determination of neophytadiene as a measure of the terpenoid contribution to experimental tobacco smoke carcinogenesis. Environ Lett 1975;10:265-73.
Sermakkani M, Thangapandian V. GC-MS Analysis of Cassia italica leaf methanol extract. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2012;5:90-4.
Pubchem - A Database of Chemicalmolecules and their Activities against Biological Assays, Maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI): Home Page - Compound Name and Search Page - 9,12-Octadecadienoic Acid, Methyl Ester. Available from: https://www.pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Methyl_ linolelaidate.
Pubchem - A Database of Chemicalmolecules and their Activities against Biological Assays, Maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI): Home Page - Compound Name and Search Page - Alpha.-D-Glucopyranose, 4-O-.beta.-D-galactopyranosyl. Available from: https://www.pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/compound/441014.
Abdallah DJ, Sirchio SA, Weiss RG. Hexatriacontane organogels. The first determination of the conformation and molecular packing of a low-molecular-mass organogelator in its gelled state. Langmuir 2000;16:7558-61.
Pubchem - A Database of Chemicalmolecules and their Activities against Biological Assays, Maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI): Home Page - Compound Name and Search Page – Campesterol. Available from: https://www.pubchem. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/campesterol.
Villaseñor IM, Angelada J, Canlas AP, Echegoyen D. Bioactivity studies on β-sitosterol and its glucoside. Phytother Res 2002;16:417-21.
Loizou S, Lekakis I, Chrousos GP, Moutsatsou P. β-Sitosterol exhibits anti-inflammatory activity in human aortic endothelial cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010;54:551-8.
Awada AB, Chinnam M, Finka CS. Bradford PG. β-sitosterol activates fas signaling in human breast cancer cells. Phytomedicine 2007;14:747-54.
Gupta R, Sharma AK, Dobhal MP, Sharma MC, Gupta RS. Antidiabetic and antioxidant potential of β-sitosterol in streptozotocin-induced experimental hyperglycemia. J Diabetes 2011;3:29-37.
Grundy SM, Ahrens EH Jr, Salen G. Dietary β-sitosterol as an internal standard to correct for cholesterol losses in sterol balance studies. J Lipid Res 1968;9:374-87.
Gupta MB, Nath R, Srivastava N, Shanker K, Kishor K, Bhargava KP. Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of β-sitosterol. Planta Med 1980;39:157-63.
Dr. Duke’s Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service; 1992-2016. Available from: http://www.phytochem.nal.usda.gov.
Tubaro A, Dri P, Delbello G, Zilli C, Della Loggia R. The croton oil earnest revisited. Agents Actions 1986;17:347-9.
Zaouani M, Bitam A, Baz A, Benali Y, Ben-Mahdi MH. In vivo evaluation of wound healing and anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic extract of roots of Centaurea africana (L.) in topical formulation. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2017;10:341-6.
Mizushima Y, Kobayashi M. Interaction of anti-inflammatory drugs with serum proteins, especially with some biologically active proteins. J Pharm Pharmacol 1968;20:169-73.
Sakat S, Juvekar AR, Gambhire MN. In vitro antioxidant and inflammatory activity of methanol extract of Oxalis corniculata Linn. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2010;2:146-55.
Annavarapu TR, Renuka P, Akhil P, Divya P, Priyanka PD. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity of combination of ethanol extracts of Azadirachta indica (neem) and Lawsonia inermis (henna). Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2016;9:256-8.
Tamiljothi E, Ravichandiran V, Chandrasekhar N, Suba V. Pharmacognostic and preliminary phytochemical screening of leaves of Tecomaria capensis. Asian J Plant Sci Res 2011;1:34-40.
Iswariya S, Uma TS. Evaluation of in vitro anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity of aqueous and methanolic seed extracts of Citrullus lanatus. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2017;9:29-33.
Chowdhury A, Azam S, Jainul MA, Faruq KO, Islam A. Antibacterial activities and in vitro anti-inflammatory (membrane stability) properties of methanolic extracts of Gardenia coronaria leaves. Int J Microbiol 2014;2014:1-5.
Sutrisno E, Adnyana IK, Sukandar EY, Fidrianny I, Aligita W. Anti-inflammatory study of Anredera cordifolia leaves and Centella asiatica herbs and its combinations using human red blood cell-membrane stabilization method. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2016;9:78-80.
Singh A, Malhotra S, Subban R. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic agent from indian medicinal plants. Int J of Integr Biol 2008;3:57-72.
Vinegar R, Schriber W, Hugo R. Biphasic development of carrageenan induced in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1969;16:96-103.
Jigam AA, Akanya HO, Ogbadoyi EO, Bukar E, Dauda N, Evans EC. In vivo antiplasmodial, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of the leaf extract of Lippia multiflora Mold. J Med Plants Res 2009;3:148-54.
Lin J, Opoku AR, Geheeb-Keller M, Hutchings AD, Terblanche SE, Jager AK, et al. Preliminary screening of some traditional Zulu medicinal plants for anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial, activities. J Ethnopharmacol 1999;68:267-74.
Prabha PM, Kamalakkannan V, Arul Kumaran KS, Sambathkumar R. In-vivo anti-inflammatory activities of ethanolic root extract of Bauhinia variegata Linn. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2014;6:445-8.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
The publication is licensed under CC By and is open access. Copyright is with author and allowed to retain publishing rights without restrictions.
